7th World History Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (PDF)

7th World History 10/11  CJ: Begin Unit 3  Do Now: on a separate sheet of paper, write definitions for the Lesson 1—Early following terms/people: Russia Notes  Pueblo Revolt  In class:  Ming Dynasty  Do Now (10-12  Maroons...

7th World History 10/11  CJ: Begin Unit 3  Do Now: on a separate sheet of paper, write definitions for the Lesson 1—Early following terms/people: Russia Notes  Pueblo Revolt  In class:  Ming Dynasty  Do Now (10-12  Maroons min?)  Nzinga  Shogun  Crash Course  Zheng He video  Asante Empire  Notes  Ukiyo Unit 3: Land-Based Empires in the Early Modern World 1450-1750  RUSSIA  We’ll start by watching a Crash Course World History video for an overview of early Russian history.  As we watch the video, bear this meme in mind. Is it accurate or not?  Early Russia: Kievan Rus  Kievan Rus- First Russian state, established by Rurik; a mix of Slavic, Norse, and Finnic cultures  Prince Vladimir, Grand Prince of Kiev- Converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 980 CE and made it the official state religion; close cultural ties with Byzantine Empire  Kievan Rus declined in the 1200s- Crusades disrupted trade, then Mongols invaded and destroyed Kiev Mongol rule (Khanate of the Golden Horde): 1240-1480 Initially led by Batu Khan (Genghis Khan’s grandson) Mongols tolerant of Christianity, but demanded heavy tribute Moscow became an important city- the princes there collected taxes for the Mongols Cultural continuity—Byzantium to Russia Byzantine Eagle Russian Eagle Russia in the Early Modern Period  After freeing themselves from Mongol domination by 1480, the Russians pushed eastward as their main avenue to expand territory. Some extension of territory also occurred in eastern Europe, but…  Regional powers, many quite different in their cultures than Russia, were present along the western boundaries of Russian territory; among them Hungary, Prussia, and especially the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth rivaling Russia throughout the 17th century Russia in the Early Modern Period  Russia’s Byzantine-influenced culture, since it had been isolated and unimportant in world affairs before the 15th century, was largely viewed as a backwater.  Russia then began making new contacts with the West, sometimes with conflict between those who wanted to reform their culture and those who wanted contact without losing Russia’s distinct identity. Between 1450 and 1750, the development of the Russian Empire would lead to some characteristic cultural practices (and issues) that persist in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. World History 11/5  CJ: Continue Russia notes  Do Now—read pp. 348-349 in  In class: textbook and be ready to answer questions  Book reading  Notes Open Books to page 348-349  What Brought Kievan Rus into contact with the Byzantines?  Trade  What categories of Russian culture were affected by Byzantine culture?  Religion, architecture  What was the Cyrillic alphabet based on?  Greek alphabet  What did the Russian Empire consider itself to be?  The “Third Rome” Russia: Reading a Map worksheet World History 10/13  In Class/CJ: Russian  If you finish early: read Empire reading packet pp. 739-742 in your  Reading packet textbook to get ready instructions: for tomorrow’s slides  Read questions first  Annotate info that will help you answer questions  Answer with complete sentences  Due tomorrow! History 10/13  CJ: Continue Early  HW: have a good Modern Russia notes weekend!  In Class:  Notes  Video (if time)  Ivan III (Ivan the Great)r. 1462-1505  Grand Prince of Moscow; challenged the Mongols and ultimately broke Russia free of the “Mongol Yoke”  Ivan refused to continue paying tribute, provoking the Mongols to send an army; then led the Russians in a standoff against the Mongols on the banks of the Ugra river; through a weird series of events, the Mongols decide to withdraw without bloodshed  With the Mongols turning their attention eastward and dealing with issues of their own, Ivan was able to begin consolidating Russian government and territory around Moscow; expanding by conquest, diplomacy, or buying territory  Took the title tsar/czar (“Caesar” in Russian) after he married Sophia Palaiologina, niece of the last Byzantine emperor (Q: why do you think this title was chosen for Russia’s leaders?)  Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) Ruled 1533-1584  Took power at 16; Boyars (Russian nobles) fought for power/influence and tried to control Ivan as he was very young  Keep in mind: at this time, the tsar’s power was not yet undisputed/absolute; many boyars could also trace descent to the Rurikid line and came from families that were just as wealthy  1547-1560, “Good period”  Expanded Russia’s territory, ruled justly, won military victories, established a law code  1560-1584, “Bad period”  His wife, Anastasia Romanovna, died, and he blamed the Boyars (accused them of poisoning her)  Formed secret police (Oprichniki) to hunt down and kill traitors (sometimes with little or no evidence) and demanded loyalty of new nobles he put in place  1581: Killed his son and heir, Ivan Tsarevich (according to legend) 7th World History 11/7  CJ: Russia, continued  Do Now—answer these  questions in your notes: In class  What cultural connections did  Notes the Rus/medieval Russia have  Work time with the Byzantine Empire?  What effects did the period of Mongol rule have on medieval Russia?  What does the term tsar translate to?  Ivan III worksheet will be collected tomorrow, Friday  Michael Romanov and the Romanov Dynasty  Ivan IV’s surviving heir, Feodor, was sickly and a weak ruler, better suited to a career in the church than as tsar; after he dies childless, a boyar who had advised Ivan and Feodor, Boris Godunov, takes over as tsar  Godunov rules well, but after he dies, a time of uncertainty that follows known as the Time of Troubles: Boyars struggled for power and heirs died mysteriously; imposters tried to claim the throne.  1613: Representatives from Russian cities met to choose the next tsar; they chose Michael Romanov (grandnephew of Ivan IV’s wife Anastasia)  This appointment of the new tsar started a new dynasty of leaders in Russia called the Romanovs; tsars of this dynasty would rule Russia until 1917  Romanov rulers restored order in Russia, strengthened and consolidated the government further, put down revolts; by the end of Michael’s reign in 1645, Russia had sent its first expeditions to the Russian Far East and the Pacific coast World History 10/18  CJ: Russia—Peter the  Do Now—read pp. 739- Great 740 (until reading check) and be ready to  In class answer questions  Reading  Notes  Terms to make sure you  Video? know today:  Enlightened absolutism  Caesaropapism  Open Books to page 739- How did Peter the Great Modernize Russia?  Why didn’t Russia develop new industries before Peter assumed power?  Serfs provided cheap labor for the land-holding class, and they could not move to cities to find other jobs. This prevented new industries from finding the workers they needed.  What did Peter study during his travels in Western Europe?  Peter studied customs, industries, and technologies, He visited factories and shipyards to learn about manufacturing and shipbuilding first-hand.  What symbolic changes did Peter enact to move Russians away from their cultural past?  He forced boyars to shave their beards and to wear European-style clothes  By the 17th century, Russia had gained a reputation for being a “backwards” country. It also didn’t have much in common with the West. Why do you think that is? Factors contributing to Russia’s “backwards” image and lack of contact/association with the West:  Serfdom continued long after it was abolished in Western Europe- not abolished in Russia until the 1800s  Mongols largely isolated them from developments happening in the West, such as the Renaissance and Age of Exploration  Mongol rule was harsh- demanded heavy tribute, didn’t do much to advance Russia economically, politically, or culturally (essentially kind of held them back)  Harsh geography led to a degree of physical isolation from the rest of the continent- did not lend itself naturally to much interaction  Culturally different from the West- looked to Constantinople, not Rome, for inspiration Peter the Great: Ruled 1696-1725  Further increased the power of the czar- became an absolute ruler  Put the Russian Orthodox Church under his control, abolished the power of the Patriarch, established himself as leader (recall the Byzantine idea of caesaropapism– a political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religious matters.)  Reduced the power of wealthy landowners by recruiting men from lower classes and giving them land grants  Fascinated by the tools and machines that foreigners (mainly Dutch and Germans) would bring to Moscow- spent time touring Western European nations to learn their ways  Upon his return from Western Europe, set upon a mission to modernize and “westernize” Russia- bring it “up to date” with the rest of Europe, compete economically and militarily with them  Reforms of Peter the Great  Peter is concerned with making reforms, but he pushes them through in an autocratic way—this is a model of enlightened absolutism (absolute monarch=accountable only to God; enlightenment=concerned with rationality and improvement)  Military was completely reformed- European officers taught Russians European formations, tactics, and how to use European weapons= new professional standing army created  Introduced potatoes- became a staple of the Russian diet  Started (and edited) Russia’s first newspaper  Improved status of women- could attend social gatherings  Nobles ordered to give up traditional clothes in favor of Western fashions  Advanced education- set up schools for navigation, the arts, and science  Encouraged Russians to travel abroad 7th World History 11/12  CJ: Review Jeopardy for Unit 2  Do Now—get out study guide for Test completion check  In class  Jeopardy World History 10/16  CJ: Peter the Great  Do Now—begin and Catherine the reading pp. 739-742 Great (until end of primary source)  In class  Reading  Notes  Video?  Open book to page 740- How did the Russian Empire grow?  Under which monarch did Russia gain access to the Black sea?  Catherine the Great  How would Russia benefit from access to the Black sea?  Russia got a warm water port and the prospect of access to the Mediterranean sea.  Describe the rule of Catherine the Great  Promoted Science and the arts  Encouraged education for both boys and girls  Wanted Russians to adopt European ways  Absolute Monarchy- but local nobles had power in local governments  More peasants pushed into serfdom  Russia needs a warm-water port  Peter saw having a warm-water port as essential to Russia’s future  Obtained a port on the Baltic coast from Sweden; there he established the city of St. Petersburg (Russia’s “Window to Europe”)  Serfs forced to work on the capital; bad working conditions and disease resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths  While St. Petersburg (and later Crimea) are warm-water ports, both of them can be blocked by other nations 7th World History 11/13  CJ: Unit 2 Test  Do Now—pre-test procedures  In class  Get privacy folder as you come in  Test (30 min.)  Study silently for a few minutes  Crash Course Video  Get answer sheet when it’s  Notes (if you can’t be quiet) passed out 7th World History 11/14  CJ: Opinion survey  Do Now—make sure you have a  book to read or something to do In class once you’re finished with the  Survey (30 or so minutes?) survey  Notes (if you can’t be quiet when you’re done) 7th World History 11/15  CJ: Catherine the Great; wrap up  Do Now—read pp. 740-742 (from Russia “How Did the Russian Empire  Grow?” until end of primary In class source on 742)  Reading  Notes  Videos Catherine the Great r. 1762-1795  Both Catherine and her husband, Tsar Peter III, were born in Germany.  While Peter III largely detested Russian culture, Catherine quickly grew to love it, rapidly learning Russian and converting to Russian Orthodox Christianity.  Peter’s immaturity made him a weak, ineffective, and extremely unpopular ruler. 6 months after he became Tsar, Catherine led a coup (supported by practically everybody in the palace and government) to remove him from power.  Catherine was crowned Empress in September 1762.  Catherine the Great r. 1762-1795  Catherine’s policies largely continue along the lines of Peter the Great’s reforms  During her reign, Russia increases its territory by more than 200,000 sq. miles, and secures military victories against the Ottomans, Persia, and Poland-Lithuania; tensions rise with China as Russian presence in the Far East increases  Tries to promote economic development and encourages immigration of merchants and skilled workers from Germany and areas in central and western Europe Catherine the Great r. 1762-1795  Expansion of social safety nets (orphanages and hospitals); promoted sanitation and public health measures  Overhauled rules/regulations for serfs; serfs could appeal to courts in case of mistreatment, and were allowed to accumulate wealth and buy their freedom; policies encouraged landowners to send serfs to school for education/training  Modernized territorial organization  Proclaimed religious toleration; allowed construction of synagogues and mosques World History 1018  CJ: Catherine the Great’s Potato-  HW: Potato rama!  In class  Tasting History video  RUSSIA 1450-1750 SUMMARY CHANGES CONTINUTIES  St. Petersburg (Window to the West)  Moscow still politically, warm water port( becomes capital)​ economically and culturally  Boyars (landed aristocratic important​ nobility) no longer represent threat  Role of Orthodox church​; Jews and to the monarch​ other minorities still face  Tsars centralize absolute authority​ discrimination  Women interacting with men in  Still patriarchal​ cities, Peter and Catherine as  Serfdom/Feudalism persists; enlightened despots​ still predominantly agricultural​and  Westernization campaign/ removal of rural beards, improvement of  Furs still important revenue​ gunpowder weaponry, government reform, development of navy​  Still behind Western Europe in  Campaign of “eastward” imperialism terms of maritime empire building​ by Cossacks led to destruction of  Language and alphabet (Cyrilic)​ indigenous populations History 11/18  CJ: Begin Qing Dynasty  Do Now—work on notes vocabulary sheet, 10-  In class: ish mins.  notes for 3.2 Qing Dynasty Ming Dynasty Recap/ Qing Introduction Ming Qing  During the Ming Dynasty Chinese  In 1644, northern invaders from rule was restored, emperors Manchuria conquered China & encouraged foreign trade & exploration (Zheng He) for the first & created the second foreign only time in history dynasty in Chinese history, the  To protect Ming emperors from future Qing Dynasty invasions, the Forbidden City was  During this era of Manchu rule, built in Beijing that no one other than royalty or approved bureaucrats China grew to its largest size by could enter claiming Taiwan, central Asia, Mongolia, & Tibet  Manchu Empire The Manchus, a farming and hunting people who lived in the area now known as Manchuria, conquered Beijing. A peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, the “Dashing King,” in 1644, set events in motion that result in the Manchu invasion He occupied Beijing (the capital) and the last Ming emperor committed suicide. The Manchu established the Qing (“pure”) dynasty, which remained in power until 1911. Their history, language, culture, and identity were distinct from the Chinese population, but they readily adapted to some Chinese customs. Because the Manchu defeated Li Zicheng, who was responsible for the previous emperor’s death, they were able to claim that they avenged the Ming and thus held the Mandate of Heaven.  Qing Dynasty  At first, the Han Chinese resisted the new Manchu rulers, and the “Southern Ming” remnants tried to (re)establish their own dynasty in the South.  Some of these rebels seized the island of Taiwan; they were the first Chinese to settle on the island  To more easily identify rebels or disruptive elements, the government ordered Chinese men to adopt Manchu-style clothing and hairstyles.  Under penalty of death, they were to shave their foreheads and braid their hair into a pigtail called a queue. Soon it becomes a symbol of “Chinese-ness” Hanfu (Chinese clothing) vs. Manfu (Manchu clothing)  Challenges facing China in the Qing Dynasty  The Qing must deal with the same pressures and challenges that the Ming faced, and some new ones  The introduction of new American crops like corn & sweet potatoes led to a dramatic increase in the Chinese population  The sharp rise in the number of Chinese peasants would lead to competition for land & peasant uprisings  High population numbers will also lead to emigration in 1800s  European missionaries & merchants arrived in Asia eager to gain access into China  Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, & refused to accept Chinese customs 7th World History 11/19  Do Now—answer these  CJ: Qing Dynasty questions in your notes: Emperors  How were the Manchu  In class different from Han Chinese?  Why did the Qing Dynasty  Notes government attempt to control the dress and  Video hairstyles of their Han subjects?  Don’t forget to keep updating your vocabulary sheet with definitions Qing Dynasty—Manchu and Chinese  The Manchus dealt in two ways with the fact that they were ethnically and culturally different from subjects:  First, they preserved their own identities by having a different legal status, maintaining large landholdings, and forming separate Manchu military units called banners.  Second, they brought the Han and other Chinese ethnicities into the top ranks of the imperial administration, so they showed a willingness to share power.  Case studies: two Manchu Emperors  The 268-year duration of the Qing Dynasty was dominated by the rule of two monarchs  Kangxi Emperor, Ruled From 1662-1722  Qianlong Emperor (His grandson) reigned from 1736-1796  These two emperors in large part created the political, economic and cultural legacy inherited by modern China Qianlong Emperor Kangxi Emperor  Kangxi (r. 1662-1722, longest Imperial reign in Chinese history)  Like the era of Mongol rule, Chinese initially rejected and led rebellions against their Manchu ruler; Emperor Kangxi earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering taxes, and restoring peace and prosperity to China  Perhaps China’s greatest emperor; enlisted help of elite, scholarly class to help rule China efficiently (continuation and expansion of exam system); he was the first emperor to extensively tour China and visit peasant villages Kangxi (r. 1662-1722, longest Imperial reign in Chinese history)  Highly disciplined and diligent  Known as a powerful leader who focused on advancing the Qing Empire to compete with Western countries  Calmed the unrest along the frontiers and won the support of scholars by supporting the arts and letters.  Created a dictionary of Chinese characters (Kangxi Dictionary) that was the standard until the 20th cent.  Tolerant of Christians; had good relations with Jesuits because they respected Chinese culture  Christian missionaries were quite active and hundreds of Chinese officials became Catholics; later on, Christianity would again be suppressed due to disputes with the Pope and the Dominican religious order Fun Fact: Kangxi was the first Chinese Emperor to learn a Western musical instrument! (harpsichord)  Qianlong (r. 1736-1795)  Grandson of Kangxi; Qianlong’s father, Yongzheng, died unexpectedly after only 13 years of rule  During his reign, China was the wealthiest and most populous nation in the world.  Qianlong’s armies conducted a series of military campaigns that eliminated the Turkic and Mongol threats to northern China (1755–60).  These campaigns enlarged his empire by creating the New Province (the present-day Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang), and reinforced Chinese authority in the south and east. Qianlong (r. 1736-1795)  Honored Manchu Culture while adopting Confucian principles on ruling; major patron and important "preserver and restorer" of Confucian culture, as well as preserving Manchu ritual literature  While the Kangxi Emperor proclaimed Hui (an ethnicity from western China, and predominantly Muslims) and Han to be equal, his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, endorsed Han officials’ harsh recommendations towards treatment of Muslims in the newly- conquered Western regions World History 11/20  CJ: Qing Dynasty  DO NOW: on a separate foreign relations and sheet of paper, write down three trade accomplishments of the  In class Kangxi Emperor. (Bullet  Notes points okay)  Make sure to put your  Video name/heading on this because you’ll be turning it in Qing Dynasty Trade and foreign relations  Treaty of Nerchinsk: 1689 agreement between Qing and Russia; outlined border and trade agreements (gave Russia special status, not considered tributary)  Qing government sold trade privileges to the Europeans but, to limit contact between foreigners and the Chinese, they confined the traders to the island of Macau and the port city of Canton (Guangzhou) and required them to trade only with licensed, government-approved merchants called the Cohong.  This arrangement was known as the Canton System.  What other policy does the Canton System resemble? Qing Dynasty Trade and foreign relations  In late 17 century/early 18 century, tea becomes a th th popular drink in Europe—once again, China has something the rest of the world wants, and they only want silver bullion for it  Eventually, tea trade will become a major business concern for East India Companies  In 1793, a British mission led by Lord George Macartney tried to win more liberal trade policies. The Emperor refused, writing King George III that China had no need for “your countries’ manufacturers.”  The failure of this diplomatic mission resulted from cultural misunderstandings and the Tribute System of China—notably, the British refused to kowtow (performing a deep bow with head touching ground) “ “The Empire of China is an old, crazy, first-rate Man of War, which a fortunate succession of able and vigilant officers have contrived to keep afloat for these hundred and fifty years past, and to overawe their neighbours merely by her bulk and appearance. But whenever an insufficient man happens to have the command on deck, adieu to the discipline and safety of the ship. She may, perhaps, not sink outright; she may drift some time as a wreck, and will then be dashed to pieces on the shore; but she can never be rebuilt on the old bottom.” ” George Macartney, after the diplomatic mission (Don’t write)  Qing Decline  Qianlong decides to retire rather than rule longer than his grandfather (such filial piety!); although technically retired, he stays in the Imperial Palace and calls the shots as a “power behind the throne”  Qing dynasty began to decline after the rule of Qianlong. Reasons for decline include:  Growing corruption among government officials (especially with importation of opium and severe social problems from that); higher taxes that led to peasant unrest  Growing populations that caused hardships on impoverished peasants and food shortages, eventually leading to emigration  Military advances from the Western nations are going to cause many problems in China later.  Qing Decline  The White Lotus Rebellion, a movement started by an apocalyptic Buddhist religious movement (that boiled over into a full-blown peasant revolt); the rebels defeated the first armies sent to them, necessitating that the Qing government recruit a new, largely Han army (Green Banner Army)  Stopping the White Lotus Rebellion was a great financial expense to the imperial government, leaving the Imperial Treasury severely strained  These factors left China vulnerable to European expansion in the early to mid 1800s, and European powers were eager to pounce; the Chinese remember the 1800s as a “Century of Humiliation” 7th World History 11/21  CJ: Wrap up Qing Dynasty; begin  Do Now: read pp. 478-479 by next lesson—3.3 Mughal Empire yourselves  In class  Notes! The Opium Wars  British begin smuggling opium from their colonies in India into China—either to sell for silver to buy tea, or to exchange directly for tea  Recreational use/addiction to opium becomes a major issue for Qing government; they try to get Britain to stop, but Britain refuses  Fighting breaks out after Qing officials confiscate large amounts of opium and threaten death penalty for smuggling  First Opium War lasts from 1839-1842  Fought mostly at sea— Britain has huge advantage due to ironclad steamships  The Opium Wars  First Opium War ends with defeat for China and Treaty of Nanjing:  China forced to allow opium trade  Britain receives island of Hong Kong  Westerners receive extraterritorial rights—they can’t be arrested/prosecuted for crimes by Chinese officials  Later, Second Opium War with Britain and France vs. China will result in further losses and unequal treaties for Qing  The “Century of Humiliation” breeds resentment in China against foreigners and weakness of Qing government; serves as a worrying example to non- western countries of what could happen to them if they don’t modernize 7th World History 10/26  CJ: Begin Mughal Empire  Do Now: read pp. notes 478-479 by  In class: yourselves  Finish Qing note slide  Start Mughal notes Next 3 Lessons: The “Gunpowder Empires”  The term “Gunpowder Empires” refers to three large land empires in Asia during the 1400-1700s.  The name refers to their use of gunpowder weapons (muskets but especially cannons) in their imperial expansion.  While each empire is distinctive, they broadly share a larger Turco- Persian Muslim culture.  We’re starting with the Mughals, 3.3 Unit 3 Lesson 3: The Mughal Empire  Setting the stage for the Mughal Empire  Beginning in the 10th century, various groups from Central Asia (primarily of Turkic or Iranian origin) settled in northern India, eventually setting up the Delhi Sultanate.  Once Mongol raids began pressuring other areas of the Islamic world (such as Baghdad), an influx of scholars and artisans migrated to the comparative safety of Delhi.  While initially powerful, the Delhi Sultanate gradually lost power and territory until the arrival of the Mughals. Babur and the Establishment of the Mughal Empire  The Mughals are a combined Turco-Mongol culture from Central Asia (hence Mughal, from Mongol.)  While of Turkic and Mongol origin, the Mughals had largely adopted Persian customs and typically spoke Persian (Farsi) and Urdu.  The leader of the army that invaded India was Babur, who was born in modern-day Uzbekistan, and a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur (Tamerlane).  Babur and the Establishment of the Mughal Empire  Although Babur (a nickname meaning “Tiger”) was born in modern-day Uzbekistan, he spent a lot of his life on the move. Assuming the throne at age 12, he immediately faced rebellions and opposition to his reign.  He spent 1494-1504 struggling to preserve his kingdom, losing and retaking various territories. Eventually he stabilized his territory around Kabul in Afghanistan, and earned a reputation as a smart, determined leader.  Since he couldn’t retake his ancestral lands in Uzbekistan, he turned his attention to the wealth of India.  The Mughals Invade India  The last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate is so unpopular, that some nobles invite Babur to take over.  In the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, the Mughals used a formation of musketeers and cannons in wagons, with mounted archers to protect the flanks (sides), to defeat a much larger army of Afghans and Rajputs loyal to the Delhi Sultanate.  After that victory, enemies were very reluctant to face the Mughals in open battle.  Akbar I (r.1556-1605)  The grandson of Babur and a skilled general in his own right, Akbar gradually added much of the Indian subcontinent to the Mughal Empire, more than tripling its territory.  This expansion brought large amounts of non-Muslim subjects under the rule of the Mughals; in order to gain their support, Akbar abolished the jizya (a tax paid by non-Muslims) and appointed non- Muslims to high positions in the military and civil government. History 11/22  CJ: Continue Mughals  Do Now: Answer the  In class: following question in your notes:  Notes  What is the origin of the Mughals, and what cultures/groups influenced their culture?  Who was Babur descended from? Akbar I (r.1556-1605)  During Akbar’s reign, officials recalculated how they collected taxes; this had the effect of lowering taxes for most farmers (thus making Akbar more popular).  The Mughals often relied on men called zamindars—local landowners and/or hereditary village chiefs—to collect taxes and make low-level government decisions.  Since the zamindars were usually members of a families who lived in an area for generations, they helped to bridge the gap between the Mughal overlords and local people Akbar I (r.1556-1605)  Mansabdari system: reform of government/military ranks begun by Akbar and continued by subsequent Mughal rulers  Appointments/promotions made on ability; positions not hereditary  Ranks came with salaries and funding; reduced corruption and increased military readiness  Officials personally responsible to monarch Mughal Architecture  The Mughal Emperors were great patrons of architecture; the Mughal “style” combines elements from central Asia, Persia, and India.  Monumental buildings are typically made of white marble or red sandstone. They often feature onion domes, large vaulted entryways and halls, decorative stone inlay, and ornamental gardens.  Famous example: The Taj Mahal constructed by Akbar’s grandson Shah Jahan during 1631-1653, as a mausoleum for his favorite wife Mughal Architecture  Taj Mahal combines building and landscape (garden) as a planned monument; its huge expense had consequences for later Mughal rulers  Mughal-style gardens (charbagh) are arranged as quadrilaterals following precise geometric rules, and feature fountains, terraces, and fruit trees; they are symbolically representative of the gardens of Paradise.  Houses and private structures from the Mughal period typically feature projecting upper-story windows and lattices. Aurangzeb (r.1658-1707)  Son of Shah Jahan and great-grandson of Akbar, Aurangzeb was not his father’s choice of successor—he seized power while his father was sick and assassinated his older brother Dara Shikoh  During his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest territorial extent; the Mughal economy surpassed that of Qing Dynasty China to become the world’s largest  In contrast to his forebears Aurangzeb was a strictly orthodox Muslim. He reimposed the Jizya tax on Hindus; also attempted to implement Sharia law, which increased tension with his non- Muslim subjects.  Aurangzeb (r.1658-1707)  Historians debate the motivation behind Aurangzeb’s choices—how much was religious vs. financial?  Although Aurangzeb extended the Mughal Empire to its territorial maximum, there were other rising powers in India that would pose problems for subsequent Mughal rulers:  The Maratha Empire, Hindus from the central-west coast (modern Maharashtra)  The Sikhs, a new religious movement that will eventually have a short-lived empire of their own (more on them soon)  The Europeans—especially British, French, and Dutch —were eager to expand beyond the coastal factories where Aurangzeb had restricted them 7th World History 11/25  Do Now—read p. 480 and be  CJ: Mughal Empire—religious ready to answer questions change in South Asia  In Class:  Textbook reading  Notes  Video? Open Book to page 480- The Founding of Sikhism  How was Sikhism an example of cultural blending?  Sikhism showed the influence of both Muslim and Hindu ideas such as reincarnation and monotheism  What is a guru?  A religious teacher  What is the name of the Sikh holy text?  Guru Granth Sahib  Who was the founder of Sikhism?  Guru Nanak  How long did the Sikh Empire last?  From 1801-1849 Cultural and religious exchange in the Mughal Empire  At the start of the Mughal period, there were 4 major religious groups in South Asia: Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Jainism.  (Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism = Dharmic religions)  Buddhism, although originating in N. India, had largely declined in its land of origin and was more popular in areas on the periphery of India: Nepal, Bhutan, Burma, Thailand, and Sri Lanka.  Hinduism was experiencing a major revival with the growth of Bhakti movements, which preached against the caste system and used the languages of local people to encourage devotion to particular deities  Cultural and religious exchange in the Mughal Empire  Islam was the religion of about 15% of the population; it received a small but steady stream of converts  Jainism, despite being a minority religion, had surprisingly large cultural influence; Jain philosophers and bankers were often present and influential at the Mughal Court  The interactions between these distinct cultures and religion gave rise to religious syncretism—the blending of different religious beliefs into a new belief system.  Religions that arise from this practice are called syncretic religions. Akbar’s New Religion: Din-i Ilahi  Akbar’s interest in religious philosophy and tolerant nature led him to build a special meeting house—the Idabat Khana —where scholars, clerics, and poets from various religions could debate and exchange ideas.  These interactions convinced Akbar that all religions were “reflections” of a divine truth, and he underwent a conversion experience, eventually establishing a new system of religious thought called “Din-i Ilahi,” or the “Divine Faith,” in 1582  Din-i Ilahi was syncretic, combining elements of Sufi Islamic mysticism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, and even Christianity.  While there was some interest in this new religion among the upper ranks of Mughal society, Din-i Ilahi never gained much traction beyond Akbar’s court, and eventually faded away after his death in 1606. History 11/3  In Class:  No HW  Sikhism video  Continue notes  Sikhism  The Sikh religion (Sikhism or Sikhi) is the most successful of the syncretic religions that emerged in the Mughal Period.  It originated in the Punjab region, which is still the Sikh heartland, and home to most of the world’s 24 million + Sikhs  By the numbers, Sikhism is the world’s 5th-largest religion  Sikhism  Nanak (1469-1538 CE) founded Sikhism in 1499; first of 10 spiritual leaders called gurus.  Blend of Hindu and Islamic ideas: monotheism, karma, reincarnation and moksha, congregational prayer  Three central teachings:  work to provide for yourself and better society  sharing from one’s earnings with those who are needy  Remember/be mindful of God at all times Sikhism  Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh holy text, contains writings/teachings/hymns from the gurus  Considered the “final guru” by Sikhs  Amritsar: holy city of Sikhism, located in Punjab; home of Golden Temple, most important gurudwara (Sikh place of worship)  “5 Ks”—five symbolic items that Sikhs are supposed to always have with them Islamic Empires in the Middle East  Explain the causes of imperial expansion and consolidation of the Ottoman and Safavid Empires. 7th World History 11/26  CJ: Begin Ottoman Empire  Do Now: Can you figure out what  this music has to do with today’s In class lesson?  Notes  Have a good break!  Tasting History 3.4 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE  Location The Ottoman Empire was centered around the region of Anatolia in Southwest Asia, today known as Turkey. At its height in the 1600s the empire stretched to northern Africa, southwest Asia, and southeast Europe.  SIGNIFICANT EVENTS & INDIVIDUALS  1260s CE: Osman I unifies several Turkish tribes, becoming the founder and first sultan of Ottoman Empire  Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror only rules for about a decade (1444-1453), but conquered Constantinople—most important city in the world at the time—marking the complete end of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman Empire) rule; Ottomans now a major power  Suleiman “The Magnificent”: regarded as the greatest Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Conquered Egypt, Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and parts of Europe. Also known as the “the Law Giver,” his rule from 1520-1566CE is considered a golden age  19th century: Ottoman Empire begins to decline due to independence movements/rebellions in various parts of empire  In 1922, the empire collapsed after the defeat of the Central Powers in WWI. Foreign lands conquered in Africa and southeast Europe became independent countries which led to further feuds.  CULTURE   Islamic Faith—Sunni Muslim , like Mughals; Safavids in Persia were Shi’ite  The Ottoman Empire arose with the conquest and downfall of the Christian empire known as the Byzantine Empire.  Religiously tolerant: Christians and Jews had autonomous communities (Millet system, see next slide)  The greatest cultural influences came from Arabia and Persia, but their language was Turkish, from the dialect of their home region.  The Ottomans were renown for their coffee houses, calligraphy, and carpet weaving.  The Ottomans became very influential on European artists, especially in France during the 17th and 18th centuries. Thnx Ottomans