Academic Writing Handbook: References and In-Text Citations PDF

References and In Text Citations BOOK: ACADEMIC WRITING HANDBOOK  Introduction o Academic work depends on the research and ideas of others, so it is vital to show which sources you have used in your work, in an acceptable manner. o These slides explains: o Format of in-text citations o The m...

References and In Text Citations BOOK: ACADEMIC WRITING HANDBOOK  Introduction o Academic work depends on the research and ideas of others, so it is vital to show which sources you have used in your work, in an acceptable manner. o These slides explains: o Format of in-text citations o The main reference systems o Use of quotations o Layout of lists of references Why use references? There are three principal reasons for providing references and citations: (a) To show that you have read some of the authorities on the subject, which will give added weight to your writing. (b) To allow the reader to find the source, if he/ she wishes to examine the topic in more detail. (c) To avoid plagiarism. Citations and references It is important to refer correctly to the work of other writers that you have used. You may present these sources as either a summary/ paraphrase or as a quotation. In each case a citation is included to provide a link to the list of references at the end of your paper: Reference verbs Summaries and quotations are usually introduced by a reference verb: Smith (2009) argues that... Janovic (1972) claimed that... These verbs can be either in the present or the past tense. Normally the use of the present tense suggests that the source is recent and still valid, while the past indicates that the source is older and may be out-of-date, but there are no hard-and-fast distinctions. In some disciplines an old source may still have validity.  Reference systems Different referencing systems are used in different disciplines. Broadly, these can be categorized in three types:  Parenthetical systems (e.g. APA, Harvard and MLA),  Numeric systems (e.g. Vancouver and IEEE), and  Footnote systems (e.g. Oxford) https://subjects.library.manchester.ac.uk/referencing-new/mla https://www.oru.se/university-library/support-for-students/guide-to-academic-writing/referencing-and-citation/ Reference systems There are various systems of referencing in use in the academic world. With any system, the most important point is to be consistent. (a) The Harvard system, generally used for English Language and Business. Reference systems (b) The Vancouver system, widely used in Medicine and Science. Numbers in brackets are inserted after the citation and these link to a numbered list of references: (c) The footnote system (also known as endnotes), commonly used in the Humanities, in which sources are listed at the bottom of the page and again at the end of the paper. The numbers in superscript run consecutively throughout the paper:  American Psychological Association (APA) Style Use across a variety of disciplines e.g. Social sciences (psychology, sociology, education, economics, etc.), Business, etc. Use for research papers. Formatting and Punctuation: Titles of books, articles, and journals are italicized Commas, periods, and parentheses are used to separate elements (e.g., Author, Year, Title. Example: Smith, J. (2010). The Study of Psychology. Academic Press https://apastyle.apa.org APA Style In-text Citation: Containing the author’s last name and the publication date, For example: Baumrind (1968) insisted that the subjects in Milgram's study "should have been fully informed of the possible effects on them”. One critic of Milgram's experiments insisted that the subjects "should have been informed of the possible effects onthem" (Baumrind, 1968). List of References: Cates, R. L, Rutter, C. ft, Karl, J, Linton, M., & Smith, K. (1992). Premarital abuse: A social psychological perspective. Journal of Family Issues, 137, 79-90. Gross, A. (1996). The rhetoric of science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide Modern Language Association (MLA) Style Use for Humanities (language and literature, arts, philosophy, etc.) disciplines. Use for scholarly manuscripts. Formatting and Punctuation: Titles of books, and other works are italicized, but the punctuation is simpler (usually commas and periods). No parentheses are used in the reference list. Example: Smith, John. The Study of Psychology. Academic Press, 2010  MLA Style In-text Citation: Containing the author's last name and the page number, without a comma between them, For example: Reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194). According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194). List of References: Field, John. "Intelligibility and the Listener: The Role of Lexical Stress." TESOL Quarterly, vol. 39, no. 3, 2005, pp. 399-423. Gass, Susan, and Evangeline M. Varonis. "The Effect of Familiarity on the Comprehensibility of Nonnative Speech." Language Learning, vol. 34, no. 1, 1984, pp. 65-89. https://style.mla.org/in-text-citations-overview/ https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/mlacitation/intext https://www.mendeley.com/guides/mla-citation-guide  IEEE Style Use primarily Engineering, Computer Science, and other technical fields. Use for scientific research Formatting and Punctuation: Titles of books and journals are italicized. Punctuation often uses periods after author initials and titles, with commas between other elements. Example: J. Smith, The Study of Psychology, Academic Press, 2010 https://ieee-dataport.org/  IEEE Style In-text Citation: Citations are numbered in the order they appear in the text, and references are listed in that same numerical order in the bibliography, For example: …, the traffic lights on our roads, and the fire hydrants used in our towns. … as shown by Brown , as previously stated. List of References: R. Glie, Speaking with Standards. Boston, MA, USA: Cahners Books, 1972. D. F. Elger, B. C. Williams, C. T. Crowe and J. A. Roberson, Engineering Fluid Mechanics, 10th ed., Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2014. https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/ieeequickguide/intext https://www.bath.ac.uk/publications/library-guides-to-citing-referencing/attachments/ieee-style-guide.pdf Core Components of an IEEE reference  Citations for Images, Figures Examples using APA Referencing Style In-text citation (2 examples): Figure 7 provides an illuminating picture of the correlation of different occupational groups and their smoking habits. Smoking can be linked broadly to different occupational groups (see figure 7) Reference: Edwards, R., Peace, J., Stanley, J., Atkinson, J., Wilson, N., & Thomson, G. (2012). Setting a good example? Changes in smoking prevalence among key occupational groups in New Zealand: Evidence from the 1981 and 2006 censuses. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14(3), 329- 337. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Database https://wintecprodpublicwebsite.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/student-life-documents/library/apa-referencing-visual-media-handout-2017.pdf?sfvrsn=a131d133_4  Citations for Tables Examples using APA Referencing Style In-text citation (2 examples): Table 1 contrasts the success rates of planned and unplanned quit attempts. Planned attempts to quit smoking are much more effective than unplanned attempts (see Table 1). Reference: West, R. (2006). Catastrophic pathways to smoking cessation: Findings from national survey. British Medical Journal, 332(7539), 458-460. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38723.573866.AE Note. * Most recent attempt to stop smoking. † Percentage (95% confidence interval). Reproduced from “Catastrophic pathways to smoking cessation: Findings from national survey (West, 2006, p.459). https://wintecprodpublicwebsite.blob.core.windows.net/sitefinity-storage/docs/default-source/student-life-documents/library/apa-referencing-visual-media-handout-2017.pdf?sfvrsn=a131d133_4 Citations for Images, Figures Examples using IEEE Referencing Style Citations for Images, Figures Examples using IEEE Referencing Style In-text citation: The way of handling simulated intersection is shown in Figure 3. Citation in reference list: Citations for Tables Examples using IEEE Referencing Style Citations for Tables Examples using IEEE Referencing Style  Using Quotations Using a quotation means bringing the original words of a writer into your work. Quotations are effective in some situations but must not be overused. They can be valuable: when the original words express an idea in a distinctive way when the original is more concise than your summary could be when the original version is well-known All quotations should be introduced by a phrase that shows the source, and also explains how this quotation fits into your argument: Small Quotation IEEE Style: Experts agree that "full 3D stacking can be advantageous for memory and processor applications" [7, p. 14]. https://journals.ieeeauthorcenter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/IEEE_Reference_Guide.pdf https://libguides.bhtafe.edu.au/IEEEreferencing/Citing  Using Quotations Longer quotations (of three lines and more) in IEEE Style Use block quotation by setting the block of quoted text as a paragraph. Use smaller font size for block quotations, and indent them from both margins, for example: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/APA_Style6/quotations#s-lg-box-15742499  Using Quotations Small quotations (less than 40 words) in APA Style: Include quotation marks, and add the author’s surname, publication date and the page number(s) of the quote, for example: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/APA_Style6/quotations#s-lg-box-15742499  Using Quotations Longer quotations in APA Style: Either indented (given a wider margin) or are printed in smaller type. In this case quotations marks are not needed, for example: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/APA_Style6/quotations#s-lg-box-15742499 Using quotations Care must be taken to ensure that quotations are the exact words of the original. If it is necessary to delete some words that are irrelevant, use points... to show where the missing section was: ◦ ‘Few inventions... have been as significant as the mobile phone.’ It may be necessary to insert a word or phrase into the quotation to clarify a point. This can be done by using square brackets [ ]: ◦ ‘modern ideas [of freedom] differ radically from those of the ancient world...’ Technical Communication Fifteenth Edition Chapter 4 Weighing the Ethical Issues Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learn to Recognize Legal Issues and Plagiarism Legal guidelines often do not go far enough to measure unethical behavior. However, there are laws in place to regulate workplace communication to a degree: – Laws against deception – Laws against libel – Laws protecting employee privacy – Copyright laws – Laws against stealing or revealing trade secrets – Laws against deceptive or fraudulent advertising – Liability laws Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learn to Recognize Plagiarism Ethical communication includes giving proper credit to the work of others. In both workplace and academic settings, plagiarism (representing the words, ideas, or perspectives of others as your own) is a serious breach of ethics. Another definition of plagiarism Taking ideas or words from a source without giving credit (acknowledgment) to the author. It is considered as an academic crime. Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Plagiarism can be either blatant or unintentional. A blatant case occurs when the writer copies from another work and incorporates it into his/her work without quoting or documenting the original source. The writer might misplace the original source or forget to note it during their research. While this unconscious form of misrepresentation is less blatant, it is still considered as plagiarism. The Internet has only made plagiarism easier than ever before. Any time yow borrow someone else’s words, ideas, perspectives, or images, you need to document the original source, even if the source is public domain (freely posted on web sites, blogs, ….). Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  There are two ways to acknowledge sources to avoid the plagiarism: These citations must be linked to a list of references at the end of the main text, which includes the following details: Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Class Discussion (Examples of Plagiarism) (1 of 2) Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cont. Class Discussion (Examples of Plagiarism) (2 of 2) Copyright © 2020, 2017, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved