Appendix-1.pdf

Appendix A Learning Resource Materials Introduction to Computing Target Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students are expected...

Appendix A Learning Resource Materials Introduction to Computing Target Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to 1. understand and identify the different sizes of computers; 2. recognize the advantages and disadvantages of computer to the society; 3. classify computers according to type of data handled; 4. evaluate the impact of computers to the society. Abstraction The Computer Computer literally refers to one who computes and in the ancient times, the word computer refers to someone who does mathematical calculation. In modern times, a computer is an electronic, programmable device that gathers data, stores it, processes it in accordance with human commands, and then outputs the outcome. This machine can perform both arithmetic and logical operations automatically using a set of instructions provided by the user. https://clipart- The computer has evolved from a simple machine that can only do library.com/images/8gieXk4cd.png simple tasks to the modern version that can do multiple complicated tasks at a speed that would have been unimaginable in the past. Advantages of Computers Increased productivity with fewer resources (speed, time saver, accuracy, multitasking, automation) Large/Massive storage capability Connectivity Security Cost Effective Learning assistant Employment opportunities Disadvantages of Computers Improper use Cybercrimes (hacking, phishing, pharming) Creates dependency  Impact on environment Health issues Loss of Privacy Lack of Learning Becoming anti-social Unemployment Computer Generations 1st Generation (1940-56) – used vacuum tubes as main component of circuitry and used magnetic drums for storage. They require large space, relied on machine language and also consumed a huge amount of electricity to function. Prone to overheating. 2nd Generation (1956-63) – built using transistors. They were smaller, do calculations faster, cheaper and consumed less electricity. 3rd Generation (1964-71) – were built using IC. They were the first to use keyboard and mouse for input and were significantly smaller, cheaper and faster. 4th Generation (1972-1980) – the era of VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) that integrated thousands of circuits in small chip. Intel 4004 chip was developed and IBM manufactured the first ever computer for home use followed by the release of Macintosh by Apple. 5th Generation (1980-present) – the era of ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) with the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) such as voice and speech recognition to name a few. AI technology is continuously under development. https://learntechit.com/classification-of-computers-size-type-and-purpose/ Classifications of Computers Computers can be categorized on the basis of data handling capability or size. According to Type (Type of Data Handled/Processed) 1. Analog Computers – computers designed to process analog data (continuously changing data that don’t have distinct values such as speed, temperature, pressure and/or current. Data is processed directly without being converted into codes or numbers. It allows real-time operations. Advantages of Analog Computer displays the output in simple and graphical manners within a short time period. analog computers transmit results in real-time. Disadvantages of Analog Computer They consume much power. Results are displayed in real time so there is less probability for storage. Higher rate of signal conversion. Examples of Analog Computer Speedometer Analog Clock Voltmeter 2. Digital Computer - High-speed calculations and logical processes are built into digital computers by design. Raw data is received in the form of binary integers (0 and 1) or digits as input, processed using stored instructions in its memory, and outputs the results. Includes modern devices such as laptops, desktops, and cellphones that we use at home or at the office. Advantages of Digital Computers: Allows easy storage and retrieval of large amount of information. Easy adding of features to digital systems. Changing a program allows the use of different applications without making any changes in hardware The advancement of IC technology makes the device cost less. Date is processed digitally at a high speed. Error correction codes make it highly dependable. Noise, temperature, humidity, and other properties of its components do not affect the output that makes reproduction of results higher. Types of Digital Computers a. Supercomputer – are largest and fastest computers that are made to handle enormous amounts of data and can process trillions of instructions in a second. They are made of tens of thousands of connected CPUs that can handle complex applications in science and  engineering, such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. Roger Cray created the first supercomputer in 1976. Characteristics or applications of supercomputers: Can be used to decrypt password to enhance protection for security reasons. Can be used to produce excellent animation results. It is used for nuclear weapon testing simulation and critical medical tests. Can be used to study and understand climate patterns and forecast weather conditions. It can run in NOAA's system (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) that can execute any type of simple and logical data. Used in pilots’ flight simulators design for their first level training. It facilitates the extraction of useful data from data storage facilities or cloud systems such as those used in banks or n insurance companies. It is essential in handling the world of online currencies like the stock market and bitcoin. It aids in the proper identification of a number of serious disorders as well as results for brain injuries, strokes, etc. It supports scientific research by accurately analyzing data from satellite, solar system, and Earth movement exploration. It is also utilized in a smog-control system where it forecasts the amount of fog and other air pollutants. b. Mainframe Computer – thousands of users can be supported at the same time by mainframe computers that can run several applications simultaneously which means that they can run several processes at once. They are the best choice for large enterprises that need to manage and process large volumes of data, such as those in the banking and telecom sectors. Characteristics of Mainframe Computers: Can process enormous amounts of data. (ex. banking transactions) Proper installation can make it function without issue for up to 50 years. (long- lasting) With large-scale memory management, it provides exceptional performance. It can divide or share the workload it generates with other processors and input/output terminals. processing errors and faults are less likely to occur. If an issue does arise, it can be promptly fixed without degrading performance. It has the capacity to safeguard both previously stored data and other current information and data exchanges. Applications of Mainframe Computers: Health Care - can be used by hospitals to keep track of the millions of patients they serve so they could get in touch with them for treatment, appointments, medication updates, or disease updates.  Field of Defense - it allows the defense departments to share a large amount of sensitive information with other branches of defense. Education - large universities can use it to store, manage, and retrieve information on their programs, admissions, students, teachers, staff, and linked colleges and schools. Retail Sector – can be used to process information relating to inventory management, customer management and large transactions in a timely manner. It is advisable to be used by businesses with a sizable client base. c. Miniframe or Minicomputer - a multiprocessing computer of medium size that has two or more processors and can accommodate four to 200 people simultaneously. Institutions and departments employ miniframe computers for billing, accounting, and inventory management functions. A minicomputer is smaller than a mainframe but larger than a microcomputer, placing it between the two. Characteristics of Miniframe or Minicomputer: light weight that is easy to carry and fit anywhere. less expensive than mainframe computers. very fast despite its size. remains charged for a long time. does not require a controlled operational environment. Applications of Minicomputers: A minicomputer is mainly used to perform three primary functions, which are as follows: Process control: It used as a tool for industrial process control. It primarily carries out two key tasks, namely data collection and feedback. The minicomputer detects any abnormalities in the process and makes the appropriate modifications as a result.. Data management: It is an excellent device for small organizations to collect, store and share data. Local hospitals and hotels can use it to maintain the records of their patients and customers respectively. Communications Portal: It can also play the role of a communication device in larger systems by serving as a portal between a human operator and a central processor or computer. d. Workstation – a workstation is commonly a single-user computer intended for technical or scientific tasks. Characteristics of Workstation Computer: High-performance single-user computer system designed for business or professional use. Has larger storage capacity, better graphics, and more powerful CPU than a personal computer.  Can handle animation, data analysis, CAD, audio and video creation and editing. Any computer that has the following five features, can be termed as a workstation or can be used as a workstation. o Multiple Processor Cores: more processor cores than simple computers. o ECC RAM: It is provided with Error-correcting code memory that can fix memory errors before they affect the system's performance. o RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): It refers to multiple internal hard drives to store or process data. RAID can be of different types. There can be multiple drives to process data or mirrored drives where to prevent total malfunction (if one drive does not work than other starts functioning). o Solid State Drive (SSD): It is better than conventional hard-disk drives. o Optimized, Higher end GPU: It reduces the load on CPU. E.g., CPU has to do less work while processing the screen output. e. Microcomputer – it is a general-purpose computer that is designed for individual use and also referred to as personal computer. Characteristics of a Microcomputer: Small in size. A limited number of software can be used. Designed as single-user unit used for personal work and applications. It is less expensive and easy to use. It does not require the user to have special skills or training to use it. Generally, comes with single semiconductor chip. Can be used for multitasking such as printing, scanning, browsing, watching videos, etc. f. Embedded Processors - these are tiny computers that have basic microprocessors that manage mechanical and electrical operations. They are typically not used to perform complex calculations, to run quickly, or to have a high "input-output" capability. 3. Hybrid Computer – has both the feature of analog and digital computers. It works as fast as an analog computer and as accurate as a digital computer. Both continuous and discrete data can be processed using it. Before processing, it receives analog signals and converts them to digital form. Thus, it is frequently employed in specialized applications that process both analog and digital data. A good example is a processor utilized in gas pumps to translate fuel flow measurements into amount and cost. They are also employed in medical facilities, research facilities, and aircraft. Advantages of Using Hybrid Computers: The all-parallel configuration of the analog system makes the computing speed very high. Results produced are precise and quick and are more accurate and useful. It has the ability to solve and manage big equation in real-time.  It helps in the on-line data processing. Examples of Hybrid Computers ▪ Gasoline Station - The fuel vending machine at a petrol station uses analog technology to measure the amount of fuel and digital screens to show the pricing. ▪ Electrocardiogram Machine - Ultrasound Machine - According to Purpose 1. General-Purpose Computers – computers designed to do various tasks. 2. Special-Purpose Computers - Special-purpose computers are designed for one specific task or class of tasks and wouldn't be able to perform general computing tasks. Brief History of Computing The earliest civilizations used simple objects on hand to begin computing history. Complex computations were also brought on by the growth and development of towns and societies, necessitating the development of better and more sophisticated tools to assist humans. Devices or tools used for computation also evolved with the evolution of humans. In the early times, sticks, stones and even bones served as counting devices. The improvement of human intellect led to the advancement of human technology that gave way to the development of computing devices. Tools evolved from manual to mechanical to electrical, from analog to digital to hybrid and still keeps on advancing. Abacus - a wooden rack with metal rods with beads attached to them. The abacus operator moves the beads according to certain guidelines to complete arithmetic computations. Napier’s Bone - a manually driven calculator created by John Napier. It utilized nine distinct ivory strips (bones) that were multiplied and divided using numerals. Additionally, it was the first calculator to use the decimal point system. Pascaline - was invented in 1642 by Blaise Pascal and thought to be the first mechanical and automated calculator. It was a wooden box with gears and wheels inside. Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz improved on Pascal’s invention in 1673 to create this apparatus. This device used fluted drums instead of gears and it was a digital mechanical calculator. Difference Engine – was started by Charles Babbage in 1820s. It was the first steam-powered mechanical computer that could do basic computations. Analytical Engine - another calculating machine created by Charles Babbage in 1830. It was a mechanical computer that took input from punch cards. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing data in an indefinite memory. Tabulating Machine - was a punch card-based mechanical tabulator invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890 that can do statistics computation, record/sort data or information manufactured by Computing- Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) which became the International Business Machines (IBM) in 1984. Differential Analyzer – the first electrical computer introduced by Vannevar Bush was made up of vacuum tubes that switch electrical impulses in order to do calculations. It was capable of performing 25 calculations in a matter of minutes.  Mark I - In 1937, Howard Aiken intended to construct a device that was capable of carrying out extremely large calculations. IBM and Harvard worked together to build the Mark I computer in 1944. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) was a first-generation computer that was designed and built for the United States Army to calculate artillery firing tables. Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) was built after ENIAC and was one of the earliest large mainframe computers to be built in the 1940s. It was the first mainframe computer that used binary instead of the decimal systems. UNIVersal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was used for a wide range of business and scientific applications, and was the first computer to be used for commercial data processing. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was the first full-size stored-program computer, built by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principle. Some of the Most Noted People in the History of Computers Charles Babbage - credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer and was named the “Father of Modern Computer”. Ada Lovelace Byron – known as the first programmer in computer history. She wrote algorithms to be used on a machine and laid the foundations for all modern programmers. Grace Murray Hopper – programmer of Mark 1. She was the first to use the term “bug” to refer to a computer malfunction. John Von Neumann – formulated the principle that a computer is a programmable device. Alan Turing – he led a team that deciphered encrypted signals during the World War II to save many lives. Tim Berners-Lee - Timothy John Berners-Lee is known as the inventor of the World Wide Web (WWW). Steve Wozniak – co-founded Apple Computer Company alongside Steve Jobs. Linus Torvalds - is well known for developing the Linux Operating System. He created the kernel, the system's brain, which ensures proper operation. For the entire system to function properly, a kernel is required. People are free to build all the features they require for a system while using the kernel. Computer Ethics A subfield of applied ethics known as "computer ethics" deals with moral dilemmas pertaining to the development, application, and management of information technology as well as the creation of moral guidelines for social norms around its use. The Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics Written by the Computer Ethics Institute 1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people. 2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work. 3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files. 4. Thou shalt not use a computer to steal. 5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness.  6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid. 7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper compensation. 8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output. 9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system you are designing. 10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans. Impact to Society The advancement of information technology has a very significant role in the society. It has made a great impact on people’s way of living and doing things. Technology help gather or handle information and became a game changer int the advancement of humanity. Technology affect itself and the society. People have become so dependent on technology that the way they relate with one another, their way of living and their living environment have changed. People’s needs, in turn, had influenced the development of computers. Social informatics (social aspect of computerization) has become a part of life. The society has turned into computing technology as a means of solving specific problems. Computing devices were developed starting with mechanical calculators (Pascaline) followed by programmed machines (Jacquard’s Loom). The twentieth century and WWII required more advance machines to do more complex computations that also gave way to supercomputers, graphics processors, games, digital video and audio, mobile computing devices, and telephones. Nowadays, computers are applied in almost all fields of specialization including, but not limited to, commerce, communication, education, agriculture, transportation, etc. Some areas need applications that require storage and large amounts of data while others include applications that require the coordination of complex processes like control of machineries. Impact of Computers on Work Computers have become an important tool in the workplace making it possible for the automation of tasks. The application of computing technology in companies made it possible for organizations to work in decentralized manner, having work and processes rearranged in geographically dispersed divisions. The ease of networking computers has led businesses to relocate jobs to remote locations. Computer programmers who work for a company can be hired and do their job in another country where labor cost is much cheaper and can be on a work from home basis. Telecommuters/teleworkers or free lancers can work away from the company headquarters and submit their work output via the internet. Communication has become easy with the use of email services, instant messengers, social media, etc. Virtual communities can be formed and organized by people, from any part of the world, of common interests. Even education and entertainment can be delivered into private homes and public spaces with the use of internet. Effects of the Computer Age Studies have shown that people take advantage of the anonymity offered by e-mail and other internet technologies and use them for different reasons. The use of computers in conjunction with telecommunications technology has made it possible for more individuals than ever to live and work freely and remotely. Computers can be used to publish books, host gatherings, book flights or accommodations and also deliver information, or entertainment to name a few. While some observers find these changes to be desirable, others are worried that the pervasive use of computers has resulted in lifestyles that need more and more work. Utilization of Learning Direction: Perform the tasks/s indicated below: 1. List down 5 special-purpose computers and their applications. 2. Give one positive and one negative effect of computing/computer technology to the society and explain your answer. Supplementary Materials https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/information https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-fundamentals-tutorial https://artoftesting.com/computer-fundamentals-tutorial https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-computer https://studiousguy.com/hybrid-computers-examples/ https://eduinput.com/category/computer/ https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1355310#:~:text=The%20history%20of%20computing%20has,key%20developm ents%20in%20modern%20times.