Anatomy and Physiology Test Review PDF

Anatomy and Physiology Test Review Abbreviations SNS- sympathetic nervous system RR- respiratory rate BP-blood pressure CNS-central nervous system TPR- temperature, pulse, respiration VS- vital signs Hgb- hemoglobin PNS- peripheral nervous system WBC-white blood cell RBC-red blood cell Nervous Sys...

Anatomy and Physiology Test Review Abbreviations SNS- sympathetic nervous system RR- respiratory rate BP-blood pressure CNS-central nervous system TPR- temperature, pulse, respiration VS- vital signs Hgb- hemoglobin PNS- peripheral nervous system WBC-white blood cell RBC-red blood cell Nervous System- Controls, directs and coordinates body functions Peripheral Nervous System- Carry messages or impulses to and from the brain Autonomic Nervous System- Controls involuntary muscles and certain body functions including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric. System/Sympathetic NervousSystem-responsible for fight or flight, tends to speed up functions Parasympathetic Nervous System-maintaining normal/relaxed condition Neuroglia- nerve tissues that nourish, protect and insulate neurons Muscular system/ Types of muscles and where in the body would you find them? More than 600 muscles Categorized as: -Skeletal muscle: attached to bones, voluntary movements, we control -Smooth muscle: identified by smooth appearance, involuntary movements, work automatically, cannot be controlled -Cardiac muscle: only found in heart, contract/relax quickly Endocrine system/What does the endocrine system do? Secrete chemicals, play important part of hormone growth and production What substances are released by it? -growth hormone: needed for growth of muscles, bones and other organs throughout life –thyroid-stimulating hormone: needed for thyroid gland function -reproductive hormones: regulates growth, development and function of the male and female reproductive systems Function of the thyroid gland Thyroid gland- regulates metabolism which is the burning of nutrients by a cell to produce heat and energy. Integumentary System-consists of skin and its appendages: hair, nails, sweat and oil glands What are the two layers of skin? -epidermis: outer layer -dermis: inner layer Types of immunity -active immunity: by naturally acquiring an illness, your body develops the antibodies to protect you from getting it again -passive immunity: passed from the mother to the fetus, lasts for about the first 6 months after birth Brain-What are the 3 main parts of the brain? Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain stem What is the role of the spinal cord- carries nerve signals from your brain to the rest of your body and back. Is the spinal cord part of the brain? No Bones # 206 Types and examples of each Long -femur, tibia, fibia Short-wrists and ankles Flat- ribs and sternum (breastbone), the skull, pelvic bones, and scapulae( shoulder blades) Irregular- hip bone, vertebrae in the spinal column, and various bones in the skull Sesamoid bone- patella (knee cap) Joint Types and examples Ball-and-socket joint: allows for wide range of movements -shoulder Hinge joint: allows for movement in one direction around a single axis- elbows, knees and fingers Pivot joint: consists of a rounded projection on one bone fitting into a depression on another bone, which allows from turning from side to side- skull connected to spine Saddle joint: allows for a wide range of motion between two articulating bones that are saddle shaped- thumb Gliding joint: a joint between two corresponding flat bones held in place by ligaments that glide past one another in any direction along the plane of the joint, up, down, left right and diagonally- wrist, ankles, and vertebral colum Condyloid joint: formed when the oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone- wrist, knuckles Cartilage- connective tissue that cushions the joint so that the bone do not rub togeather -Respiratory system- brings oxygen into lungs, eliminates carbon dioxide -Lungs:spongy tissue filled with alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissue and a few more nerves, two air sacs called alveoli. Covered by 2 layers called a pleura. -Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a muscle that helps you inhale and exhale Eye/layers Sclera- the white part of the eye, outer layer Choroid - second layer, contains vessels that carry blood through the eye to nourish it. Retina- inner layer, contains receptors for vision and the nerve fibers of the optic nerve. Cells- basic function is building blocks to all living things Tissues- a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. Types of tissue Epithelial tissue: covers internal and external body surfaces Organs- structures that are made up of different tissues that are arranged to preform a specialized function Organ Systems- formed by organs that work together to preform special functions Cardiovascular system- made up of blood, the heart and blood vessels. Arteries: carry blood away from the heart Capillaries: nutrients, oxygen and other substances pass from capillaries into cells, and waste products including carbon dioxide, pass from cells into bloodstream Veins: return blood to the heart Blood and substances in it? Consists of liquid blood cells and a liquid portion called plasma, approximately 90% water Role of each Blood circulation in the heart? Red blood cells: called erythrocytes and they give the blood its red colour because of a substance in a cell called hemoglobin. Red bone marrow produces new red blood cells at a rate of about two million every second White blood cells: called leukocytes, are colourless. Protect the body against infection. Blood circulation of the heart there are two phases Diastole phase, the resting phase, the heart chambers filled with blood. Systole phase, the working phase, the heart contracts. Digestive system: called the gastrointestinal system(GI system), breaks down the nutrients physically and chemically so that they can be absorbed for use by cells Peristalsis: smooth muscle contraction that pushes food forward in the digestive tract in one direction Digestion: the process of physically and chemically breaking down food into nutrients that can be absorbed for use by cells and also eliminates the waste from the body Urinary system structure: removes waste products through the respiratory system, the digestive system, the integumentary system and the urinary system and Nephrons:regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances filtering the blood VS.- Why do we measure the VS? Measured to detect changes in normal body functions. They can indicate a response to treatment and signal life-threatening events Normal range for each Pulse & Respiration definition Pulse: the beat of the heart felt at an artery as a wave passes through the artery P 60-100 beats per minute (BPM) Respiration : the act of breathing air into and out of the lungs O2Sat 95-100% room air What do we Report and Record when we measure VS.?anything abnormal -temperature -pulse -oxygen saturation -respirations -blood pressure