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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Which type of muscle is only found in the heart?
Which type of muscle is only found in the heart?
Which layer of the skin is the outermost layer?
Which layer of the skin is the outermost layer?
What is the role of the thyroid gland in the endocrine system?
What is the role of the thyroid gland in the endocrine system?
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Which component of the nervous system carries messages to and from the brain?
Which component of the nervous system carries messages to and from the brain?
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What is the main function of neuroglia?
What is the main function of neuroglia?
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How is active immunity primarily acquired?
How is active immunity primarily acquired?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
Which part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
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Which type of joint allows for movement in one direction around a single axis?
Which type of joint allows for movement in one direction around a single axis?
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Which type of bone is exemplified by the patella?
Which type of bone is exemplified by the patella?
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What is the primary function of cartilage in joints?
What is the primary function of cartilage in joints?
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Which layer of the eye contains receptors for vision?
Which layer of the eye contains receptors for vision?
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Which part of the respiratory system helps facilitate breathing?
Which part of the respiratory system helps facilitate breathing?
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What type of tissue covers both internal and external body surfaces?
What type of tissue covers both internal and external body surfaces?
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The organs that work together to perform specialized functions are referred to as:
The organs that work together to perform specialized functions are referred to as:
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Which type of joint allows for a wide range of motion between saddle-shaped bones?
Which type of joint allows for a wide range of motion between saddle-shaped bones?
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What is the primary function of arteries?
What is the primary function of arteries?
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Which component of blood is primarily responsible for its red color?
Which component of blood is primarily responsible for its red color?
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What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
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During which phase of the heart cycle do the chambers fill with blood?
During which phase of the heart cycle do the chambers fill with blood?
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What process helps push food through the digestive tract?
What process helps push food through the digestive tract?
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What is the normal range for pulse rate in beats per minute (BPM)?
What is the normal range for pulse rate in beats per minute (BPM)?
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What is the function of nephrons in the urinary system?
What is the function of nephrons in the urinary system?
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Why are vital signs measured?
Why are vital signs measured?
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Study Notes
Nervous System
- Controls, directs, and coordinates body functions
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Carries messages or impulses to and from the brain
-
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary muscles and certain body functions like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Responsible for "fight or flight", speeds up functions
- Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): Maintains normal/relaxed condition
- Neuroglia: Nerve tissues that nourish, protect, and insulate neurons
Muscular System
- Over 600 muscles categorized as:
- Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones, voluntary movements, we control
- Smooth muscle: Involuntary movements, work automatically, cannot be controlled
- Cardiac muscle: Only found in the heart, contracts/relaxes quickly
Endocrine System
- Secretes chemicals, plays a vital role in hormone growth and production.
- Releases substances crucial for growth and function:
- Growth hormone: Needed for growth of muscles, bones, and organs throughout life
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Needed for thyroid gland function
- Reproductive hormones: Regulates growth, development, and function of male and female reproductive systems
Thyroid Gland
- Regulates metabolism, which is the burning of nutrients by cells to produce heat and energy.
Integumentary System
- Consists of skin and its appendages: hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands
- Two layers of skin:
- Epidermis: Outer layer
- Dermis: Inner layer
Immunity
- Active immunity: Body develops antibodies after naturally acquiring an illness
- Passive immunity: Passed from mother to fetus, lasts for about the first 6 months after birth
Brain
- Three main parts:
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain stem
Spinal Cord
- Carries nerve signals from the brain to the rest of the body and back
- Not part of the brain
Bones
- 206 bones in the human body
- Types and examples:
- Long: Femur, tibia, fibula
- Short: Wrists and ankles
- Flat: Ribs, sternum (breastbone), skull bones, pelvic bones, and scapulae (shoulder blades)
- Irregular: Hip bone, vertebrae in the spinal column, and various bones in the skull
- Sesamoid: Patella (knee cap)
Joint Types
- Ball-and-socket: Allows for wide range of movements - shoulder
- Hinge: Allows for movement in one direction around a single axis- elbows, knees, and fingers
- Pivot: Rounded projection on one bone fits into a depression on another bone, allows for turning from side to side- skull connected to spine
- Saddle: Allows for a wide range of motion between two articulating bones that are saddle shaped- thumb
- Gliding: Flat bones held in place by ligaments that glide past each other- wrist, ankles, and vertebral column
- Condyloid: Oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone- wrist, knuckles
Cartilage
- Connective tissue that cushions the joint so bones do not rub together.
Respiratory System
- Brings oxygen into the lungs, eliminates carbon dioxide.
- Lungs: Spongy tissue filled with alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissue, and nerves
- Diaphragm: Muscle that helps with inhalation and exhalation
Eye Layers
- Sclera: White part of the eye, outer layer
- Choroid: Second layer, contains blood vessels to nourish the eye
- Retina: Inner layer, contains receptors for vision and optic nerve fibers
Cells & Tissues
- Cells: Basic building blocks of all living things
-
Tissues: Groups of cells with similar structure and function. Types include:
- Epithelial tissue: Covers internal and external body surfaces
- Organs: Structures made up of different tissues working together to perform a specialized function
- Organ systems: Formed by organs working together to perform special functions
Cardiovascular System
- Made up of blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
- Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
- Capillaries: Nutrients, oxygen, and other substances pass from capillaries into cells, and waste products like carbon dioxide pass from cells to the bloodstream.
- Veins: Return blood to the heart
Blood
- Consists of liquid blood cells and plasma (mainly water).
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Give blood its red color due to hemoglobin. Produced in red bone marrow.
- White blood cells (leukocytes): Colorless, protect the body against infections
Blood Circulation
- Diastole phase: Resting phase, heart chambers fill with blood
- Systole phase: Working phase, heart contracts
Digestive System
- Breaks down nutrients physically and chemically for absorption by cells and eliminates waste.
- Peristalsis: Smooth muscle contraction that pushes food through the digestive tract.
- Digestion: The process of breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.
Urinary System
- Removes waste products through the respiratory, digestive, integumentary and urinary systems.
- Nephrons: Regulate water and soluble substances concentration by filtering blood.
Vital Signs (VS)
- Measured to detect changes in normal body functions, signal life-threatening events, and assess responses to treatment.
-
Normal ranges:
- Pulse (P): 60-100 beats per minute (BPM)
- Respiration (RR): 12-20 breaths per minute
- Oxygen saturation (O2Sat): 95-100% on room air.
- Report and Record: Anything abnormal including temperature, pulse, oxygen saturation, respirations, and blood pressure.
Pulse & Respiration Definitions
- Pulse: Beat of the heart felt at an artery as a wave passes through.
- Respiration: Act of breathing air into and out of the lungs.
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