Untitled Quiz

Nervous System

• Controls, directs, and coordinates body functions
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Carries messages or impulses to and from the brain
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Controls involuntary muscles and certain body functions like heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.
  • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Responsible for "fight or flight", speeds up functions
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS): Maintains normal/relaxed condition
• Neuroglia: Nerve tissues that nourish, protect, and insulate neurons

Muscular System

• Over 600 muscles categorized as:
  • Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones, voluntary movements, we control
  • Smooth muscle: Involuntary movements, work automatically, cannot be controlled
  • Cardiac muscle: Only found in the heart, contracts/relaxes quickly

Endocrine System

• Secretes chemicals, plays a vital role in hormone growth and production.
• Releases substances crucial for growth and function:
  • Growth hormone: Needed for growth of muscles, bones, and organs throughout life
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Needed for thyroid gland function
  • Reproductive hormones: Regulates growth, development, and function of male and female reproductive systems

Thyroid Gland

• Regulates metabolism, which is the burning of nutrients by cells to produce heat and energy.

Integumentary System

• Consists of skin and its appendages: hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands
• Two layers of skin:
  • Epidermis: Outer layer
  • Dermis: Inner layer

Immunity

• Active immunity: Body develops antibodies after naturally acquiring an illness
• Passive immunity: Passed from mother to fetus, lasts for about the first 6 months after birth

Brain

• Three main parts:
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem

Spinal Cord

• Carries nerve signals from the brain to the rest of the body and back
• Not part of the brain

Bones

• 206 bones in the human body
• Types and examples:
  • Long: Femur, tibia, fibula
  • Short: Wrists and ankles
  • Flat: Ribs, sternum (breastbone), skull bones, pelvic bones, and scapulae (shoulder blades)
  • Irregular: Hip bone, vertebrae in the spinal column, and various bones in the skull
  • Sesamoid: Patella (knee cap)

Joint Types

• Ball-and-socket: Allows for wide range of movements - shoulder
• Hinge: Allows for movement in one direction around a single axis- elbows, knees, and fingers
• Pivot: Rounded projection on one bone fits into a depression on another bone, allows for turning from side to side- skull connected to spine
• Saddle: Allows for a wide range of motion between two articulating bones that are saddle shaped- thumb
• Gliding: Flat bones held in place by ligaments that glide past each other- wrist, ankles, and vertebral column
• Condyloid: Oval articular surface of one bone fits into the oval depression of the second articulating bone- wrist, knuckles

Cartilage

• Connective tissue that cushions the joint so bones do not rub together.

Respiratory System

• Brings oxygen into the lungs, eliminates carbon dioxide.
• Lungs: Spongy tissue filled with alveoli, blood vessels, connective tissue, and nerves
• Diaphragm: Muscle that helps with inhalation and exhalation

Eye Layers

• Sclera: White part of the eye, outer layer
• Choroid: Second layer, contains blood vessels to nourish the eye
• Retina: Inner layer, contains receptors for vision and optic nerve fibers

Cells & Tissues

• Cells: Basic building blocks of all living things
• Tissues: Groups of cells with similar structure and function. Types include:
  • Epithelial tissue: Covers internal and external body surfaces
• Organs: Structures made up of different tissues working together to perform a specialized function
• Organ systems: Formed by organs working together to perform special functions

Cardiovascular System

• Made up of blood, the heart, and blood vessels.
• Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart
• Capillaries: Nutrients, oxygen, and other substances pass from capillaries into cells, and waste products like carbon dioxide pass from cells to the bloodstream.
• Veins: Return blood to the heart

Blood

• Consists of liquid blood cells and plasma (mainly water).
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes): Give blood its red color due to hemoglobin. Produced in red bone marrow.
• White blood cells (leukocytes): Colorless, protect the body against infections

Blood Circulation

• Diastole phase: Resting phase, heart chambers fill with blood
• Systole phase: Working phase, heart contracts

Digestive System

• Breaks down nutrients physically and chemically for absorption by cells and eliminates waste.
• Peristalsis: Smooth muscle contraction that pushes food through the digestive tract.
• Digestion: The process of breaking down food into absorbable nutrients.

Urinary System

• Removes waste products through the respiratory, digestive, integumentary and urinary systems.
• Nephrons: Regulate water and soluble substances concentration by filtering blood.

Vital Signs (VS)

• Measured to detect changes in normal body functions, signal life-threatening events, and assess responses to treatment.
• Normal ranges:
  • Pulse (P): 60-100 beats per minute (BPM)
  • Respiration (RR): 12-20 breaths per minute
  • Oxygen saturation (O2Sat): 95-100% on room air.
• Report and Record: Anything abnormal including temperature, pulse, oxygen saturation, respirations, and blood pressure.

Pulse & Respiration Definitions

• Pulse: Beat of the heart felt at an artery as a wave passes through.
• Respiration: Act of breathing air into and out of the lungs.