AP Test 2 Study PDF

Mongols, Japan, and China Test - Main Topics China - Major commercial hubs and port cities - Significance Quilon, Alexandria, Cairo, Melaka, Quanzhou. a. Cairo and Alexandria emerged as the main commercial centers in the mediterranean housing many jewish...

Mongols, Japan, and China Test - Main Topics China - Major commercial hubs and port cities - Significance Quilon, Alexandria, Cairo, Melaka, Quanzhou. a. Cairo and Alexandria emerged as the main commercial centers in the mediterranean housing many jewish and muslim commercial firms, islamic legal system facilitated business relations. b. The malay peninsula hub connects the bay of bengal and indian ocean to the south china sea c. Melaka (tropical produce like herds, spices, etc) was in a strategic location, it was crowded like other ports in the region with diverse foreign sailors that fed into trading. d. Quanzhou was near present day shanghai and it housed office of seafaring affairs - Transition from Tang decline to Song rise a. The tang declining was a result of nomadic invasions, international rebellions, and military weakness b. In 907ce the tang dynasty split into rival kingdoms c. Out of the rival kingdoms that succeeded the Tang, the general Zhao Kuangyin assumed the mandate of heaven in 960 ce and established the Song dynasty which would last until the invasion of the Mongols in 1279. - Zhao Kuangyin (Emperor Taizu) - policies a. Taizu administered final test for all who passed the highest-level palace exam (civil service exam) b. The expansion of this learned elite continued the shift in power away from the hereditary aristocracy and toward a more regulated administrative class of scholar officials. - Song relationship with Liao a. Under Zhao Kangyin ( emperor Taizu) the songs had developed a rivalry with the nomadic liao dynasty b. The song was unable to defeat the nomadic liao thus causing them to pay tribute to the liao in an attempt to keep them away from raiding. (not that specific) i. The Mongols took out the Song Dynasty (!) c. Khitan Liaos independence encouraged others to invade the borders of song china - Economy of Song (Agriculture, trade) a. While the song paid tribute to the Liao’s it began to drain their economy b. Overall its economy stimulated by advances in farming thus causing tang and song rulers to promote agricultural production and peasantry - Politics and government of the Song (system used, major figures, etc) a. Chinas economic, commercial, and political revolution was sparked due to agrarian roots b. The song dynasty brought about the world's first manufacturing revolution producing goods for consumption far and wide  c. Cultures around China consolidated their own internal political authority and defined their own identities as distinct from china. - Neo-Confucians! a. Revived pure confucian thoughts and teachings by establishing libraries, recovering old texts, personal philosophies, hostility to foreign ideas, gender, class, etc. - Wang Anshi and reforms during the Song a. Confucian scholar who was the chief minister of the song dynasty b. He instituted reforms in attempt to save the dynasties finances by supporting agricultural expansion he also initiated landlords and scholar-gentry taxation c. He tried to start a bureaucracy that stresses analytical thinking rather than memorization of classics d. After his supporter dies (emperor shenzong) thus causing his reforms to be reversed by the new neo-confusist emperor - Transition from North Song to South Song - Last left 10/29 a. The jin dynasty founded north of the song empire after they defeated the liao and as the jin invaded china the song fled south thus causing the southern song dynasty to conspire - Commercialism a. Canal systems and Silk Roads → commercial expansion is booming b. Commerce expands into cities and trading towns i. Credit, deposit shops (banks), flying money (credit vouchers) c. Urban growth and sophistication i. Changan, Tang capital: 2 million, largest city in world ii. Hangzhou, S. Song capital - Flying cash importance a. Flying cash is like paper money - Silk Road exchange a. Persia supplied dates, saffron, pistachio, rugs, and tapestries b. Africa frankincense, aloe, gold, salt, timber c. India, sandalwood, jasmine, cloth d. China, silk porcelain,paper, tea, e. Transmission of art through buddhism, christianity, and islam - Indian Ocean trade a. Malay peninsula b. Established networks along the indian ocean c. Influence of buddhism - Junks a. Chinese junks were refined in late tang and song period are the best ships in the world - Technology of the Song (Agriculture, navigation, etc) a. Military tech steel tipped arrows, flame throwers, catapults b. Agricultural tech - Male vs Female roles  a. Neo confucianism reduce the role of women in the late song period and made it patriarchal - Culture aspects of the Song a. Cultures of the region responded different to the song b. Paper techniques refined c. Gunpowder and fireworks (9th century) d. Abacus developed for counting e. 1041: Bi Shen develops printing with moveable type f. Scholars are now cultural producers i. Buddhists were artists in the past ii. Secular scenes now more common (result of the Neo-Confucians) g. Nature: common theme in poetry and art h. - Other countries and groups reactions and responses to Song dynasty a. Trying to build relations for trade - Fall of the Song a. invasion Japan - Lead up to imperial Japan a. Buddhism swept into Japan b. Chinese cultural influence in Japan peaked during the 7th and 8th centuries C.E - Characteristics of Imperial Japan a. To counterbalance the growing influence of the Buddhists, emperors restored the powers of the aristocratic families, reinforced their traditional control of the imperial government, and permitted them to build up their control of rural estates. b. Both groups sought to frustrate imperial reforms and limit the power of the emperors - Impact of Buddhism a. In all areas, Buddhism played a significant role in cultural transformation; provided links between Korea and Japan b. Buddhism swept into Japan. c. the peasantry reworked Buddhism, merging it with worship of traditional Japanese nature spirits, the kami. d. Buddhist monks had become so powerful in Japan that they actually conspired to take over the throne in the 760s C.E e. With the imperial government under constant threat of Buddhist disruption, the emperor moved the capital from Nara to Heian (Kyoto) - Impact of Taika reforms a. Taika reforms were intended to create an emperor with absolute powers assisted by a Chinese-style bureaucracy b. n 646 -Japanese emperor introduced administrative reforms, the Taika reforms, intended  to realign the Japanese government along Chinese models. - Three major groups in Japan (Buddhists, Imperial Court/Emperor, Aristocrats/Landowners/Daimyo) a. Buddhists were forbidden to build monasteries within the new capital -settled for construction on the hills that surrounded the city. b. To counterbalance the growing influence of the Buddhists, emperors restored the powers of the aristocratic families, reinforced their traditional control of the imperial government, and permitted them to build up their control of rural estates. c. The imperials and the aristocrats vs the Buddhists d. Reinforces daimyo while also building up their estates - segway to feudalism i. Daimyo keep the power to themselves e. Attempts to create a drafted army were abandoned and military organization was left to members of the rural aristocracy. i. All the people fighting for the daimyo are the only people left; peasants are going back to functioning for the economy (farming, fishing, trading) 1. Agricultural economy with supplemental trade aspects; fedualism rises 2. Families compete for control in Japan -- want to be on top - Fujiwara family and impact a. By the middle of the 9th century C.E., the imperial court was dominated by the Fujiwara family. b. Aristocratic families competed with Buddhist monasteries for control of land around the capital. i. Aristocratic families maintain a level of dominance as they have the support of the samurai (getting paid so they fight for them) c. Both groups sought to frustrate imperial reforms and limit the power of the emperors. d. Gradually the secular elite within the imperial court at Heian and the Buddhist monasteries began to cooperate. i. The imperials and the Buddhists vs the aristocrats (no avail, the imperials don’t have an army -- the daimyo are paying more money) 1. Whoever has more power is who the other groups are against ii. Buddhism is not expanding at the rate it was and was not for paying to get fighters e. Both groups came into conflict with the growing regional influence of local lords outside the region of Heian. - Feudalism in Japan (Characteristics, etc) a. In the countryside, elite families also sought to monopolize land and labor. i. Need to maintain the land through labor -- rice farming is the dominant staple crop; fishing b. These families were able to carve out private precincts ruled by house governments. i. Manoralism (a manor house that is protected with defenses and peasants are working for them) ii. Private precincts are the lands that they control c. In each local precinct, the elite family in control constructed small fortresses to house the local lord and his military retainers.  d. Feudal era of Japan; transition in Japanese history where the Bushi change the whole history of Japan (Japan had been engaging in a certain method for so long that this shift was extremely impactful and important) - Bushi and samurai a. The warrior leaders, or bushi, exercised private jurisdiction within their lands and enforced their rule through private armies of mounted troops, or samurai. i. The bushi rise over the other three groups and lead Japan ii. They realize that they have the biggest power in Japan because every group needs them to fight; they form a group and rise in the ranks iii. They practice under a code called Bushido - way of the warrior (chivalry) iv. Establish their foothold from the 9-10th century until the 16th century b. As the imperial government became increasingly weak, it began to hire local lords and their armed troops to provide for law and order, even in the regions near the capital. i. Form alliances so that they can maintain a level of power (fallback - strat) c. Supported by peasants, who supplied the bushi and samurai with food, local warriors began to emerge as a separate and powerful class. i. Imperals and Daimyo try to be friends with the Bushi and make alliances for the future (just in case) d. Warfare between groups of samurai was often based on heroic combat between champions. e. The samurai developed a distinctive code of conduct based on honor in war and requiring ritual suicide for disgrace. i. Seppuku or Harikiri - the ritual suicide they had to commit if they went against the code of honor f. The rise of the samurai frustrated any attempts for the emergence of a free peasantry in Japan (Treated as the property of the warrior class) i. Harder for peasants to gain freedom in Japan because soon peasants were treated as just property (not exact slaves, but the “serfs of Japan”) g. As the power of the bushi grew, even the court aristocracy depended on alliances with powerful samurai to remain in power. h. By the 12th century, the regional bushi were able to contest for imperial power. - Japanese scholar gentry a. Chinese influence in Japan waned as the decline of power in the imperial court made maintenance of Chinese models useless. i. Chinese influence was gone; more traditional Japanese aspects b. The emergence of a Japanese scholar-gentry was opposed by the attempts of the aristocracy to cling to power. i. Japan realized that they need educated people to main things in the future c. When the Tang empire in China collapsed, Chinese models seemed even less appropriate. d. While monks and traders still made the journey, official missions to the Chinese court halted in 838 C.E. i. only local traded to a degree in terms of their interactions with the Chinese -- they needed China for trade - Gempei Wars  a. As a result of the Gempei Wars, the Minamoto family was able to establish the bakufu (feudal military dictatorship), a separate military government at Kamakura. i. Dominance of the country ii. Taira Family and the Minamoto Family fight for overarching power 1. Minamoto family wins - Shogun/ Shogunate a. The head of the Minamoto family gains the title of the “Shogun” -- the political leader of Japan (military dictator) b. Although the emperor and his court were retained (yet not really relevant, the emperor is a puppet), real power resided in the bakufu with the Minamoto and their allies. - Major families involved in the shogunate period a. The first shogun (hereditary military dictator) of the bakufu was Yoritomo Minamoto. i. Was not the best leader -- his emphasis is on all things military ii. Withstands everything coming on the outside, however, needed to worry about the conflicts inside Japan (very paranoid if he was going to be assassinated) b. He severely weakened the military government by eliminating any potential threats (he saw everyone as a threat) to his rule, even from among his own family. At Yoritomo's death, there was no able heir to succeed him. i. The positions in the government are depleated because he killed everyone c. The Hojo family rose to dominate the bakufu, although members of the Minamoto family continued to hold the title of shogun. i. Filled into these positions d. Shogun(ate) - territory controlled by the Shogun e. Dominant force up until the 14th century - Civil war in Japan and split of provinces a. In the early 14th century, Ashikaga Takuaji, a member of a collateral branch of the Minamoto family, led a rebellion of bushi who overthrew the Kamakura shogunate and established the Ashikaga shogunate in its place. i. The reason for this was because the Kamakura shogunate was very weak (went throught their highs and low) so this justified the rebellion ii. On the other hand, many were against this because they thought that it was going to create a lot more problems (refused to accept the new shogunate) b. When the emperor refused to recognize the Ashikaga military government, the Ashikaga shoguns chased him from Kyoto and placed new puppet emperors on the throne. i. Got rid of the emperor because he went against the new shogunate ii. Chaos between the two factions → civil war in Japan c. Continued civil strife destroyed whatever power the emperors had been able to retain. d. Powers of the bushi grew at the expense of the central government, whether imperial or bakufu. i. People are trying to create alliance to stay protected and have protected power e. With the full-scale civil war that was fought from 1467 to 1477, rival heirs of the Ashikaga family sought to create alliances with bushi leaders. i. Bloodest period in Japanese history ii. Food was cut off -- brutal; everyone was fighting  f. RESULTS: The shogunate lost authority to regional lords (daimyo). Warlord rulers divided Japan into nearly 300 private states under the jurisdiction of daimyos. i. It is essentially a full circle with the daimyos rising on top ii. The next period of Japan is figuring out how to unify Japan and stabilize the country Mongols (Relationship with Russia) - Origins of Mongols a. Steppes of Central Asia i. Mongols live in steppes ii. Grasslands/shrublands with few trees (open fields) iii. Borders on the Gobi Desert and Siberian forest iv. Competing for territory (never were a giant force because they never completely united) v. Egalitarian: Men and women were seen as more equal; values in courage and battle - Characteristics of Mongol tribes a. Nomadic society i. Migrate in search of grazing lands ii. Lived in yurts iii. Drove herds of goats and sheep iv. Ate meat and milk from herded animals v. Traded hides and dairy products for jewelry, weapons and cloth (traded with mongols and other nomadic groups) b. Mongol society divided into tribes i. Tribes combined during war and when threatened ii. Never combined to a huge extent c. Accomplished horsemen; excellent with short and long bows (practiced by hitting targets while riding their horse; trained until it was second nature) i. Later, through contact with China: battering rams; cannons; catapult; flaming arrows; gunpowder (very adaptable to technology -- picked up how to use things effectively very quickly) d. Cover large distances quickly e. Yam System: Used relay stations and messengers to carry urgent messages i. Pony express; inspired other civilizations to use a similar system ii. Invigorated silk road system f. Warrior code: bravery g. Used spies and informants to create maps of areas they were going to invade - Genghis Khan!! a. Chinggis/Genghis Khan (Temujin) i. Born in 1162  ii. Won reputation of being an excellent warrior, military leader, motivator, and visionary iii. Responsible for organizing Mongol tribes into large confederation by breaking individual tribe loyalties and demanding loyalty to himself (united the tribes -- strongest people if they were all combined) iv. Recognized merit rather than status/position (how good someone was at fighting -- took in enemies as generals if they were good at fighting) b. 1206: Chinggis elected Khagan, leader of Mongol tribes (Kuriltai) i. Uses military and organizational skills to unite the tribes ii. Creates key relationships through marrying people off - Early life and campaigns of GK a. Ability to plan and make hasty moves -- would not fight if he didn’t expect to win b. 1207: first military campaign leads to defeat of Xi Xia kingdom (gets a lot of people on his side from that kingdom) c. Next, attacked Jin Empire i. Difficult to overtake, but used captured Chinese to create Chinese weapons ii. Jurchens - the people of the Jin Empire d. 1219: Conquer Kara Khitai Empire and Khwarazm Empire (hardest part of his campaigns -- needs multiple of generals because a lot of cities and men) e. Mongols captured artisans and scholars, and killed or sold others into slavery. i. Mongols did not have any interest in government so they got people that would do it for them while they continued to fight f. Mongols were known for devastating towns they conquered. g. Wants the world to know the reputation of the Mongols, that they were undefeatable and everyone should fear them i. Psychological warfare/play mind games with enemies (and it worked) - Territory of Mongol Empire a. Largest contiguous land empire in history b. Modern-day Mongolia, China, much/all of Russia, Ukraine, Chilicia, Anatolia, Georgia, Armenia, Persia, Iraq, Korea, Central Asia, and parts of Buurma, Romania, and Pakistan c. Established capital at Karakorum - Characteristics of Mongol Empire under GK and other leaders a. Religions and cultures tolerated by Mongols (never forced their religion) b. Script devised for Mongolian language (they began recording) c. Mongol conquests brought peace to regions (things began to facilitate a lot better) i. Pax Mongolica - Mongol peace; brought about different changes: 1. Had stabilizing effects on the social, economic, cultural aspects of life 2. Eased communication and commerce 3. New trade channels were opened up, especially on the Silk Raod; 4. Continued religious tolerance 5. A unifed adminstration to keep the empire together d. Secure and monitor trade routes; tax traders and items (oversaw new items come onto the Silk Roads) e. More interested in collecting tribute from territories than administering empire  f. Tumens - groups of warriors (different units in an army, each with their own general) i. Each had a different type of specialitiy ii. 10-10,000 soldiers iii. Very skilled and recruited the best of the best g. Retreat and Flank - One of the strategies that Mongols used in battles was that one of the Mongol leaders would pretend to retreat. Unannounced to the enemy, another group of Mongols would pop out. - GK Death and aftermath a. 1226 CE- Khan took an army of 180,000 to complete conquest of China and conquered Xi Xia b. 1227: Chinggis Khan dies from wounds sustained in battle (dies overnight in his sleep) c. Chinggis Khan’s body was taken back to Karakorum for burial i. When he was buried, he made sure everyone who buried him was killed. No one knows where Chinggis Khan’s body is ii. On his deathbed, he also announced who would succeed him (family drama) 1. His first child (Jochi) might have not been his child because his wife was kidnapped and raped. When he got her back and slept with her, 9 months later we didn't know who father is. Probably not his son. 2. Drama between Chinggis Khan and Jochi, and also the brothers fought d. Remaining land divided 4 ways: between 3 sons and grandson e. Son Ogedei becomes Great Khan f. Ogedei directed troops for more conquests - Four Khanates (know characteristics of each) a. After Chinggis Khan’s death, the Mongol empire was divided into four khanates i. Golden Horde ii. Djagatai Empire iii. Ilkhan Empire iv. Yuan Dynasty (Empire of Kubilai Khan) b. Central Asia: Chagatai Empire i. Led by Chagatai Khan (son of Chinggis Khan) ii. Founded in 1225 and lasts until 1687, though is significantly weakened in 1360s when Tamerlane conquered western half iii. Religiously tolerant but becomes increasingly decentralized to subkhanates c. Russia: The Golden Horde !! i. Jochi starts the process and then Batu continues ii. Chinggis Khan’s grandson Batu led the final invasion of Russia (only successful winter invasion of Russia in history) iii. The eventual goal is to conquer all of Europe; never happens iv. Russia was divided into many little kingdoms and were unable to defend against invaders v. From 1237-1238 CE, Mongol forces invaded Russia, destroyed cities that resisted, and took many Russian cities (including Kiev) - Golden Horde and Yuan Dynasty will be covered more than Ilkhan and Chagatai a. Religious toleration for Orthodox church b. Increased Eurasian trade as Mongols act as trade conduit between Europe, Middle East and Asia i. Honey, glassware, slaves, gunpowder, firearms, spies, gems, textiles, rugs c. High Taxes on Peasants i. As a result, peasants give up own land and crops to aristocracy in exchange for protection from Mongols (serfdom) d. Conquest of Europe was interrupted by the death of khagan Ogedei and succession issues that resulted. e. Russia was isolated from Western European influence (Renaissance); both commercial and cultural (big deal because Russia falls behind due to the Mongols) f. Middle East: Ilkhan Empire i. Hulegu, ruler of the Ilkhan Empire, captured Baghdad in 1258 CE and killed Abbasid caliph. ii. Mongols defeated by Mamluks of Egypt in 1260 CE; halts expansion of Mongols into North Africa iii. Hulegu was forced to reconsider his plan to conquer the entire Muslim world 1. Hulegu’s cousin, Berke, new khan of Golden Horde, converted to Islam 2. Assimiluated into the Islamic culture g. Mongol Rule in the Ilkhan i. Used local lords to administer taxes and census-taking ii. Tolerant of scholars/artisans iii. Assimilated Middle Eastern outlooks and some convert to Islam iv. Mongol khans extracted taxes and tributes v. Reinvigorate Eurasian trade routes h. China: Yuan Dynasty !! i. Mongols conquered the Xi Xia and Jin Empires, turned next toward the Song Dynasty ii. Kubilai Khan (grandson) led forces against Song beginning in 1235 1. Difficult because China was strong and had a lot of military troops iii. 1271: Mongols rule most of China 1. First time a foreign dynasty controlled all of China iv. 1279: establishes Yuan Dynasty v. Built capital at Tatu (present day Beijing) i. Society in Yuan China i. Kubilai passed many laws to make distinction between Mongol and Chinese 1. Chinese forbidden to learn Mongol writing 2. Intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese outlawed (put to death) ii. Mongol women did not practice Chinese customs and held more freedoms 1. Do not adopt foot binding; move about freely in public with no escort iii. Social standing in Yuan Dynasty (Mongols; Muslims and Asian nomads; Chinese)  iv. Mongols do adopt Chinese clothing; art. j. Mongol Rule in Yuan China i. Yuan Court welcomed foreigners (Marco Polo), and utilized expertise of scholars from many regions 1. Use foreigners (Marco Polo) or Mongols for bureaucrats ii. Chinese civil service exam was not used iii. Chinese were able to hold local/regional government positions 1. They knew language, territory -- smoother transition when they were cooperative iv. Religious tolerance practiced v. Most Chinese thought Kubilai Khan was a barbarian and did not reconcile to Mongol rule 1. Attempted to get them on his side, but they didn’t want to reconcile (only one that actually attempted cuz all of this goes away when he dies) vi. Developed a navy to expand to Japan; unsuccessful 1. Died in typhoons vii. Kubilai sought to reduce peasant tax, forced labor viii. Sought to establish elementary schools in villages ix. Essential imperial structure remains the same but is replaced with foreigners or Mongols 1. Mongols were doing their thing but the structure was there -- replaced chinese with other groups x. Increase in Eurasian trade (Silk Roads) 1. Silk, luxury goods that came out of China xi. Merchants prospered and valued highly xii. Extract taxes from peasants - Fall of each Khanate (Groups involved, etc) a. A Weakening Golden Horde i. Golden Horde did not occupy or run the Russian government ii. Tribute Empire: Mongols forced princes to pay taxes and tribute iii. Moscow’s role is to collect tribute: when territories cannot pay, Moscow princes take over that territory- result: growth in strength of Moscow iv. As Moscow gets stronger, the Golden Horde declined (counterattack against the Mongols) v. 1380 CE: Battle of Kulikova: Russians defeat Golden Horde b. Fall of Yuan China i. Song loyalists revolted in the South 1. Chinese were waiting for a crack in the Mongols ii. Mongol leaders lacked leadership and were plagued by corruption iii. Famine; peasant rebellions; rising taxes for peasants, forced labor iv. White Lotus Society: secret religious sect, dedicated to overthrowing Yuan government (found these weakness and took advantage -- planned overthrow)  v. 1398: Mongols retreat escaped to central Asia when overthrown by Ju Yuanzhang, a peasant who founded the Ming Dynasty - Timur a. Timur i-Lang(Tamerlane): Central Asian nomadic Turk i. “Mongol classic” -- destroy and kill were his only priorities; conquest, no tolerance b. Active during Mongol decrease of power in Eurasia; wanted to restore Mongol Empire i. Conquered a lot of different territories, but he didn’t care about the administration as much, so everything fell apart very quickly ii. Extremely brutal, everyone was terrified of him c. Samarkand - capital; famed for architectural beauty d. Moved armies to Persia, NW India (defeating Delhi Sultanate), and S Russia e. Incredibly violent f. Last nomadic incursion; dies 1405 i. End to the Mongol world - Significance of Mongol Empire a. Largest land empire in history b. Pax Mongolia (13th – 14th): peace and stability; easy communication and commerce c. Facilitated Silk Road trade between Asia and Europe d. Spread Bubonic Plague i. Likely entered Mongol territories through rats that had plague-infested fleas on them. These rats fed off of Mongol horses’ feed. ii. Spreads along Silk Roads which Mongols have reinvigorated, and by the 14th century, it arrived in the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe. e. Their emperor was more of one of territory, infrastructure, and conquest - not one of culture (other people were defusing their culture, not the Mongols) i. People copied their pony express system (helped commerce and trade) and how they fought (their military strategies -- genius) 1. Didn’t teach people but they took note on it, which is how it spread f. TWO BIGGEST CONSEQUENCES OF MONGOL RULE 1. Russia did not unify nor cultural develop as quickly as the rest of Europe (cut off from the Renaissance -- put on pause) 2. During the Mongol Rule, world trade, cultural diffusion, and cultural awareness all grew exponentially (brought the world together through their conquests. People became aware of each other and these cultures exchanged and learned from each other)