AP Study 2 2024 PDF

The membrane that covers the abdominal organs is the? Peritoneum A sagittal section separates the body into - Left and right portions The smallest living units of structure and function of the body are called - cells Large molecules of protein are made of the smaller subunits called - amino acids...

The membrane that covers the abdominal organs is the? Peritoneum A sagittal section separates the body into - Left and right portions The smallest living units of structure and function of the body are called - cells Large molecules of protein are made of the smaller subunits called - amino acids The purpose of cell respiration is to produce - energy in the form of ATP The call organelles that are the site for ATP production are the - mitochondria The cell organelles that permit sperm cells to move are - Flagella  The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of a lesser concentration is called - diffusion Human cells will lose water and shrivel if they are placed in what kind of solution? -hypertonic Solution Before mitosis can take place, what must happen? -The cell must undergo a process called interphase. Meiosis is important to the body for what purpose? -Sexual reproduction The tissue that keeps the trachea an open airway is - hyaline cartilage What are the cells and matrix of bone? -Osteocytes -Collagen fibers, Calcium Phosphate At synapses, nerve impulse transmission is accomplished by - Neurotransmitters The connective tissue membranes that cover the spinal cord are called - meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater & pia mater Give 2 examples of organic compounds - glucose, proteins Give 2 examples of inorganic compounds. -Water, Sodium Chloride What is tRNA? -Helps with protein synthesis by bringing amino acids to the ribosomes. What is mRNA? -Carrie genetic info from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. What are lysosomes? -Membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes for breaking and recycling cellular waste. In the body, what does the process of filtration depend on? -The pressure What is a gene? - Segment of DNA that contains instructions for making a specific protein or functional RNA. Give an example of diffusion in the body. - exchange of O² & Co² in the alveoli of the lungs What is cytokinesis? -divison of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. What is interphase? -resting phase between successive miotic division of a cell or between the 1st and 2ND division of meiosis. Where are the directions for making new proteins found? -New proteins are found within the DNA. (In the genes, Carry instructions) What is the name of the major body cavity encompassing the front portion of the body? -Ventral Cavity (includes thoracic Cavity ic) Abdominopelivic Cavity What is the name of the process used to break down complex compounds into simpler ones to release energy? -Catabolism What is the body\'s main source of energy? -Glucose What organs are found in the RUQ? -liver, gallbladder, 2 kidney, part of large intestine / part of small intestine. What organs are found in the LUQ? -Stomach, spleen, kidney, part of Lg. intestine and small intestine. Where is the epidermis and what kind of tissue is it made of? -stratified squamous (provides protective barrier) Epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. The cells that produce pigment for the skin and hair are called: - melanocytes Drying of the skin and hair is prevented by? - Sebaceous glands (secrete Sebum) The function of cerumen is to: Protect the ear canal by trapping dust, debris and microorganisms, preventing infections/irritation When UV rays strike the skin, what two substances are produced? -Vitamin D & melanin Where is compact bone found? outer layers of bones What are Haversian systems? - Structural units of compact bone (osteons) The number of pairs of each type of rib, true, false, & floating, in order, is: - True ribs-7 - False-3 - Floating-2 The more stationary attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the: -Origin Knowing where our muscles are without looking at them is called: -Proprioception During strenuous exercise, muscle fatigue is caused by the production of what? -Accumulation of Latic Acid when oxygen is insufficient for energy production. What is the correct path of light entering the eye? -Cornea-pupil-lens-retina-optic nerve-cerebral cortex of brain What happens during depolarization? -The membrane of a neuron becomes less negative as Sodium ions rush into a cell. The branch of cranial nerves responsible for monitoring changes in equilibrium is? -Vestibulocolear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) (Vestibular Branch) Becoming unaware of a continuing stimulus is called: -Sensory adaption The part of the eye that produces tears is the: -Lacrimal gland The part of the eye that helps keep the retina in place and maintain the shape of the posterior cavity is the: -Vitreous body (vitreous humor) The receptors that detect motion are located in what part of the ear? -- Semicircular Canals What are some differences between basal cell carcinoma & malignant melanoma. - Basal cell - slow growing, most common form of skin cancer doesn\'t metastasize. - Malignant melanoma -- fatal / aggressive and can spread through the body. What are potential complications of fractures? -Infection, blood clots, nerve damage, permanent disability. Where is the parietal bone? -Located on the sides & roof of skull. Forming Much of the top and sides of Cranium. Where is the occipital bone? -Located in the back...base of skull, forming posterior portion of the Cranium What are the 3 parts of the sternum? - Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process What does blood transport? -Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, immune cells, waste hormones, nutrients What are the differences between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle tissue? - Skeletal-senvoluntary, striated and attached to bones for movement - smooth-involuntary, non-Striated, Found in Walls of internal organs - Cardiac-involuntary, striated, only found in heart. What is the difference between apocrine and eccrine glands? Apocrine - smelly sweat, found in pits / groin Eccrine glands, non smelly, found all over entire body (palms/soles) regulates body temp. What is the Vitamin D precursor in the skin? -7 dehydrocholesterol converted to vitamin D3 (uv light) What is the function of stratified epithelium? -Protection against abrasion, Wear and tear. Found in areas like skin and Mucous membranes. Ligaments are made of what kind of tissue? -Dense, regular connective tissue What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes? - Osteo**blasts** - bone **formation** - Osteocytes - mature bone Cells. - Osteo**clasts** - **break** down bone tissue (bone reabsorption) What are fontanels made of? - Fiberous connective tissue Which hormone increases the rate of mitosis? -Growth Horomone (GH) Why are ribs 8 through 12 called false ribs? - B/c they do not directly attach to the sternum. They\'re connected by Cartilage. Where are stretch receptors located? -muscles, tendons and skin The trigger for the release of calcitonin is what? -High blood Calcium levels The trigger for the release of parathyroid hormone is what? -low blood calcium levels The result of calcitonin release is what? -decrease in blood Calcium levels The result of parathyroid hormone release is what? -Increase in blood calcium levels What is the sarcolemma? -Cell membrane of muscle fiber. Helps transmit electrical impulses that lead to muscle contraction. What does the sarcoplastic reticulum store? -Calcium ions The neurotransmitter closely associated with the parasympathetic nervous system is? -acetylcholine (ACH) Police frequently check this cranial nerve by having the person walk a straight-line Vestibulocochlear nerve 8 (Vlll) responsible for balance. Which of the following nerves would be tested by having the patient turn her head side-to-side? accessory nerve (canial nerve XI) -Controls head movement The cranial nerves associated with controlling eye movements are? - Oculomotor (CN lll) - Trochlear (CN IV) - Abducen (CNVI) The fluid found within (inside) cells is called: -Cytoplasm The genetic material (genetic code) within the cell nucleus is - DNA Cellular respiration takes **glucose** (sugar) and **oxygen** to produce **energy (ATP)**, **carbon dioxide**, and **water**. The cell organelles that contain enzymes to digest ingested pathogens are the: -Lysosomes The time between mitotic divisions, when the chromosomes duplicate themselves, is called -Interphase (DNA replication occurs) The tissue that lines the urinary bladder, in which the surface cells flatten as the bladder expand, is: -Transitional epithelium (Stretch / expand) The muscle you use to turn your head is the: Sternocleidomastoid muscle (turning of the head) The posterior cavity of the eye is filled with fluid called: -Vitreous humor Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides are the three major types of? -Carbohydrates The outer ear and middle ear are for [transmitting sound] and the inner ear is for hearing and [balance.] Homeostasis is: -maintenance of stable internal environment despite external changes. When cells with similar functions and structure are grouped together, they form a -Tissue What is the difference between \"anatomy\" and \"physiology\"? - Anatomy - study of structure - Physiology - study of the function Which skin layer is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals? -epidermis Name the tough outer connective membrane covering the bone? -Periosteum What is the name for the shaft of long bones? -Diaphysis What type of muscle contraction improves tone and strength without movement? -Isometric Contraction Name the structure that attaches muscles to the bone - tendon (BMT) Identify the part of the brain that regulates the heart rate, respiratory rate, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure - medulla oblongata Which structure does the myelin sheath cover? -axons of neurons What is their correct order of the layers of the meninges from inside to outside? -Pia mater (inner) then Arachnoid mater then Dura mater (outer) What is the name for the inferior portion of the diencephalon that controls body temperature, sleep, water balance, appetite, and anger? -hypothalamus The bones found in the skull are considered what type of bones? -Flat bones Give examples of irregular bones. -Vertebrae, Sacrum, coccyx, temporal The bones of the wrist are called: -Carpals Immovable joints are found where? -Skull (Sutures) The muscle in the upper arm which is used as an injection site is the: -deltoid muscle The muscle located on the chest wall is the: Pectoralis major Muscle fatigue is caused by a buildup of? -Lactic acid The primary function of the fluid within the eyeball is to? -Maintain shape of the eye and provide nutrients. The large, flat, dome-shaped muscle that assists in breathing is the? -- diaphragm (parachute) Compare hypotonic to hypertonic: - hypotonic: ↓concentration, cell swelling, H20 into cell - hypertonic: ↑ concentration, cell shrinkage, H20 out of cell The functions of the cell membrane include what? - -regulate what enters/exits cell - -Protect cell - Communicate w/other cells through receptors. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) causes what? -Fight or flight Muscle tone in a skeletal muscle is what? -Constant low level tension in muscle to maintain posture. What are the functions of the skeleton? - Structure/Support - store minerals - Protection - produce blood cells - enable movement What produces all of the types of blood cells? -Red bone marrow The tracts of the spinal cord that carry impulses to the brain are the: Ascending tracts Active transport refers to what? - movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy (ATP) The autonomic nervous system is part of the: Peripheral nervous system (ANS) The cranial nerve which is responsible for chewing is: Trigeminal nerves (CNV) The part of the eye that regulate the size of the pupil is the: -iris The receptors for hearing are located in this part of the ear: -Cochlea What happens in the body during fight or flight? - **Adrenaline release** makes your heart beat faster and you breathe quicker. - **Blood flows to muscles** for quick action, and digestion slows down. - **Pupils enlarge** for better vision. - **Energy is released** for strength What happens in the body during rest & recover? (PNS) The body slows down and restores energy for the next activity. Everything is the opposite of fight or flight symptoms. - Heart rate and breathing slow - Muscles relax - Energy is stored - Nervous system calms - Tissues repair