Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

The membrane that covers the abdominal organs.

A sagittal section divides the body into left and right portions.

The smallest living units of structure and function of the body are called cells.

Large molecules of protein are made of smaller subunits called amino acids.

The purpose of cell respiration is to produce energy in the form of ATP.

The cell organelles that are the site for ATP production are the mitochondria.

The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration is called diffusion.

Human cells will lose water and shrivel if they are placed in a hypertonic solution.

The process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy.

The primary energy source for the body, used by cells to produce energy.

The outer layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

Specialized cells in the skin and hair that produce pigment (melanin) which gives them color.

Glands in the skin that secrete sebum, an oily substance that helps keep skin and hair moisturized.

The functional units of compact bone, composed of concentric layers of bone tissue.

The more stationary attachment of a muscle to a bone.

The ability to sense the position and movement of our body parts without looking at them.

Malignant melanoma is a dangerous form of skin cancer that can spread throughout the body.

Skeletal muscle is voluntary, striated, and attached to bones. Smooth muscle is involuntary, non-striated, and found in internal organs. Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, and found only in the heart.

Apocrine sweat glands produce a thick, odorous sweat found in areas like the armpits and groin. Eccrine sweat glands produce a thinner, odorless sweat that helps regulate body temperature and is found all over the body.

Osteoblasts build new bone tissue. Osteocytes are mature bone cells. Osteoclasts break down old bone tissue.

The trigger for the release of calcitonin is high blood calcium levels. Calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium.

The trigger for the release of parathyroid hormone is low blood calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels.

The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber which helps transmit electrical impulses, triggering muscle contraction.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes within muscle fibers that stores calcium ions, which are essential for muscle contraction.

The fluid inside cells, where many important metabolic processes occur.

The genetic material found within the nucleus of a cell, containing instructions for all cellular functions.

The cell organelles responsible for digesting ingested pathogens and worn-out cell parts.

The time between mitotic divisions when chromosomes duplicate themselves, preparing for cell division.

A type of epithelial tissue that can stretch and expand, found in the urinary bladder.

The major type of carbohydrate that provides energy for the body, including sugars, starches, and fibers.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body despite external changes.

Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

The three layers of the meninges, from innermost to outermost, are pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater.

The hypothalamus is a region in the diencephalon that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions such as body temperature, sleep, hunger, thirst, and emotional responses like anger.

Flat bones are thin, broad, and often curved bones that provide protection for internal organs and offer a large surface area for muscle attachment.

Irregular bones have complex shapes that don't fit into other bone categories. They often have projections and depressions for muscle attachments and joint formation.

The carpals are the eight small bones located in the wrist, forming the foundation for hand movements.

Immovable joints, also known as synarthroses, are found in the skull, where the bones are tightly joined by fibrous connective tissue (sutures), preventing any movement.

The deltoid muscle is a large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint. Its location makes it an ideal site for intramuscular injections.

Muscle fatigue is a state of muscle weakness and exhaustion caused by the accumulation of lactic acid during intense physical activity.

The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Its primary function is to aid in breathing by contracting and relaxing, which changes the volume of the chest cavity.

A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior, causing water to move into the cell and causing it to swell.

A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell's interior, causing water to move out of the cell and causing it to shrink.

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, acts as a barrier that regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell, protects the cell's internal environment, and communicates with other cells through receptors.

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for preparing the body for 'fight-or-flight' responses in times of stress or danger.

Muscle tone is the constant, low-level tension maintained in a skeletal muscle, even at rest. This tension is important for maintaining posture and readiness for movement.

The functions of the skeleton include providing structural support, storing minerals like calcium and phosphorus, protecting vital organs, producing blood cells in the red bone marrow, and enabling movement through articulation with muscles.

Red bone marrow, found within the spongy bone tissue, is responsible for producing all types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry sensory impulses from the body up to the brain for processing and interpretation.

Active transport is a process that moves molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) to do so.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

The trigeminal nerve (CNV) is the largest cranial nerve, responsible for sensory innervation of the face and motor control of chewing muscles.

The iris is a pigmented, circular structure surrounding the pupil. It controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear containing hair cells that act as receptors for hearing. These cells detect sound vibrations and convert them into nerve impulses.

During the 'fight-or-flight' response triggered by the sympathetic nervous system, the body releases adrenaline, increasing heart rate and breathing, diverting blood to muscles for quick action, dilating pupils for better vision, and releasing energy for strength.

During the 'rest-and-digest' response, the parasympathetic nervous system takes over, slowing down bodily functions and restoring energy for the next activity. This involves lowering heart rate, promoting digestion, and constricting pupils.