ap human ch1 notes.pdf

1.1 Summary: Geography utilizes maps for reference and communication, and one has to use scale and projection. GPS and GIS are electronic maps. Questions: What is geography the study of? ○ It’s the study of where things are found and why they are there. What are geography’s b...

1.1 Summary: Geography utilizes maps for reference and communication, and one has to use scale and projection. GPS and GIS are electronic maps. Questions: What is geography the study of? ○ It’s the study of where things are found and why they are there. What are geography’s basic concepts? ○ Place, region, scale, space and connection. How are geography and history different? ○ Geography focuses more on human interaction with the Earth. Meanwhile, history is all about human interaction, illustrated chronologically. How do geographers explain how every place is unique? ○ There are two basic concepts: place, a specific point discerned by a particular characteristic, and region, an area defined by 1+ characteristics. Why are all locations interrelated? ○ They are interrelated because of scale, space, and connection. The different places connect and influence each other through those ways of movement and communication. What is the purpose(s) of a map? ○ The purpose of a map is to help find our way around the worlds and as a communication tool. It shows things like human activities or physical features. How has geography changed over time? ○ It started as mapping unknown areas (Thales) then expanded to proving the earth’s shape (Aristotle) then the first geography books (Eratosthenes, Strabo and Ptolemy) to what it is today consisting of technologies like GIS. Who are some people who contributed to the revival of geography? ○ Pei Xiu who made a detailed map of China and Ibn Battuta who wrote a book of his travels of northern Africa, southern Europe, and some of Asia. Maps made to use as reference tools were recontinued during the age of Exploration and Discovery. What are geography’s principal contemporary mapping tools? ○ One tool is GIS. It collects, stores, questions and displays geographic data and turns it into accurate maps. Another tool is GPS. It’s a system that finds a specific location of something and it’s usually used for navigation. How does GIS help cartographers and geographers? ○ It manages and stores large sets of data. It also creates detailed and accurate maps and has numerous data layers. How does GPS get its data? ○ Two dozen satellites in a set orbit gathers data from its receivers and they transmit signals showing their exact location and time the signal was sent.  What’s VGI? ○ VGI or volunteered geographic information is the collection and distribution of geographic data provided voluntarily and for free by individuals. How do cartographers make maps? ○ The cartographer must first decide which scale to make the map of and the projection. They must also gather and collect data then make the map by using GIS or other software. What are the different types of map scales? ○ Ratio shows numerical relationships between the distance on a map and Earth (ex. 1:100), Written describes the relationship between map and Earth distances in words (ex 1 cm equals 10 km), and Graphic uses a scale in the shape of a bar line to show distance. Which projections are the most and least accurate? ○ The Winkel projection and Goode Homolosine projection are the most accurate. The Mercator and Gall-Peters projections are the least accurate. How does the geographic grid locate points on the Earth and help to tell time? ○ Longitude is used for telling time and latitude to locate points on Earth. What are the different parts of the geographic grid? ○ The meridian that connects the North and South poles and the numbering system for the meridians is longitude. Parallels are lines parallel to the equator and the numbering system is called latitude. What are the different maps? ○ Isoline, choropleth, graduated symbol map, cartogram, dot distribution 1.2 Summary: Location is identified by name and situation; regions can be formal, functional, or vernacular; and culture encompasses what people care about and take care of. Questions: What are the distinctive features of a place? ○ Its name, site, and situation. What is an example of how places are named and what is the name given to a place on Earth? ○ Toponym is what a place on Earth is named. One way a place is named is by the name of its founder or a well-known person not from the place. What is a site? ○ A physical characteristic of a place that differentiates it from other places and describes its location. What is a situation? ○ It’s relative location, the location of a place relative to other locations. What are the three types of regions?  ○ Formal, functional, or vernacular. What does the cultural landscape consist of? ○ A mixture of language, religion, economic features, and physical features. What is a formal region, and what is an example? ○ Where everyone shares one or more common and distinguishable features, an example is Montana which has an accepted set of laws or laws that every citizen knows of and follows. What is a functional region, and what is an example? ○ An area organized around a certain focal point. An example is the reception area of a TV station. The center is the strongest, and people may be watching elsewhere. Thats the boundary between 2 functional regions. What is a vernacular region, and what is an example? ○ An area that many people believe to be a piece of their cultural identity. An example is Most Americans mentioning the South as having different features from the rest of the nation. What are two geographic elements in defining culture? ○ One geographic element in defining culture is people’s cultural beliefs and values. The other is the production of material wealth. What three cultural traits identify the locations of cultures? ○ Language, religion, and ethnicity. Language lets people communicate and it carries the many aspects of culture. Religion enables people to practice their beliefs and faiths in an methodical structure. Lastly, ethnicity is the identity of a group that shares traditions. How do different nations obtain their wealth? ○ People in underdeveloped countries tend to work in agriculture, maintaining their wealth from there. On the other hand, citizens of developed nations work in different occupations for income. What is spatial association? ○ Whether the distribution of a feature is related to the distribution of a different feature. 1.3 Summary: Geographers are worried about global scale. Distribution consists of density, concentration, and pattern. Cultural distributions vary across space, with peripheral regions often having unequal access to core regions' goods and services despite space-time compression. Questions:  Why is scale an important concept in geography? ○ It’s important because of globalization. This concept is causing the scale to shrink, in the sense that people, ideas, and objects interact with the same things in another place. How has globalization affected cultural change? ○ It has both positive and negative effects on culture. On one hand, the globalization of popular beliefs and languages have replaced the tradition cultures of many peoples. On the other hand, globalization also enables people from all over the globe to be exposed to different languages and programs that preserve cultures. How has globalization affected economic change? ○ Global markets and multinational companies have dictated many aspects of the economy for various places. It has led to more specialization at the local scale. Researchers determine what type of jobs flourish in numerous areas, considering many variables. What are the purposes for each distribution property? ○ Density is used to give a sense of how a certain variable is distributed over an area. ○ Concentration is used to depict shifts in distribution. ○ Pattern is used to analyze the spatial distribution of specific features in an area. What is the density distribution property? ○ The recurrence of a feature in any given area. It has two measures: the size of the land area and the number of features. What is the concentration distribution property? ○ The extent of a feature’s reach over an area. If the features are closer together, they are clustered. The opposite of this would mean they’re dispersed. What is the pattern distribution property? ○ The geometric arrangement of features in an area. Some have patterns while others don’t. What are the distribution properties of my classroom? ○ There are numerous clusters all over the class. How has technology transformed barriers and inequality? ○ Unequal access to technology has limited interaction and communication between places. What are the different types of approaches geographers take? ○ Poststructuralist geography means ideas are not fixed but can change depending on context and power dynamics ○ Humanistic geography is how people form ideas about places and give them symbolic meanings ○ Behavioral geography is comprehending the psychological basis for people’s actions. How do economic conditions vary between core and peripheral regions? ○ Core regions are wealthy and advanced, while peripheral regions are poorer and have lower living standards.  What is an example of inequality within countries? ○ Inequality in the distribution of wealth. The rich get richer, and the poor stay poor. How does assigning different roles and responsibilities to masculine and feminine identities affect society? ○ Creates stereotypes that everyone should follow based on their gender. What do expectations about gender relations create? ○ Creates hierarchies that lead to unequal power relations. What is one way gender inequality is reflected in the world? ○ Men have higher average incomes than women, no matter where in the world. Why do geographers study race, ethnicity, gender, etc.? ○ To explain why people organize themselves and travel in unique manners. How does the distribution of LGBTQ+ people vary around the world? ○ LGBTQ+ people reside in supportive environments where they can interact with other LGBTQ+ people. An example is San Francisco. What is the difference between race and ethnicity? ○ Both are social constructs, but race is inspired by the perception of a bodily traits, while ethnicity is linked to specific places. What are the various ways that features can be spread through diffusion? ○ Relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion. What is a hearth? ○ A place where an innovation comes from. What is relocation diffusion? ○ The spread of an idea occurs through the physical movement of people from one place to another. What is expansion diffusion? ○ The spread of a feature from one place to another. This can happen in one of these three ways: Hierarchical diffusion, the spread of an idea or nodes of power to other places or people. Contagious diffusion is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout a population. Stimulus diffusion is the spread of an underlying concept even though a characteristic doesn’t appear to diffuse. How are places connected through networks? ○ Places can be connected through communication networks, like BBC. You don’t need to physically travel between places. What is a network? ○ A chain of communication that connects places. What are the different results that connections between cultural groups have? ○ Assimilation is when one cultural group's features resemble those of another. Acculturation is when two cultural groups experience changes after meeting. Syncretism is when two cultural groups combine to form a new culture or cultural feature. 1.4 Summary: Sustainability combines environment, economy, and society, encompassing three abiotic and one biotic systems of Earth's resources, and ecology focuses on living organisms and their interactions. Questions: What are the three pillars of sustainability? ○ The three pillars are environmental, economic, and social. What are the different types of resources? ○ Renewable which nature can reproduce before humans use it all up and nonrenewable which nature produces slowly and can be used up by humans. What is the environment pillar? ○ Conserve natural resources to meet human needs. What is the economic pillar? ○ Promote economic activities that don’t deplete natural resources so that future generations can also have access to these resources. What is the social pillar? ○ Choosing renewable sources and thinking of the environment for society’s needs to support sustainability. What are Earth’s three abiotic physical systems? ○ The atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. What are the different climates? ○ A: Tropical, B: Dry, C: Warm mid-latitude, D: Cold mid-latitude, E: Polar, and Highlands How does the hydrosphere affect human activities? ○ The production of food in tropical regions like South Asia is affected by the hydrosphere. They rely on the monsoon every year for agriculture and water supply. How does the lithosphere affect human settlement? ○ Humans rely on resources like minerals and fertile soil. The topography also effects settlement, as it dictates the ability for agriculture and city development. How does the biosphere interact with abiotic systems? ○ The lithosphere is where most organisms live and thrive. The hydrosphere supplies water to drink and nurture marine life. The atmosphere protects organisms from harmful rays and provides air to breathe. What is ecology? ○ The science of studying ecosystems. How do humans interact with the four spheres? ○ The lithosphere provides humans with construction material and fuel. The hydrosphere provides humans with water to drink and use. The atmosphere provides humans with air to breathe, and the biosphere provides humans with food. Humans can also harm the four spheres or sustainably use them. How do humans interact with the four spheres?  ○ The lithosphere provides humans with construction material and fuel. The hydrosphere provides humans with water to drink and use. The atmosphere provides humans with air to breathe, and the biosphere provides humans with food. Humans can also harm the four spheres or sustainably use them. How do different cultures change the four spheres? ○ Different cultures either harm or help the environment. What is an example of a sustainable ecosystem, and why is it sustainable? ○ The Netherlands, because of its innovative water management and the use of renewable energy. What is an example of an unsustainable ecosystem, and why is it unsustainable? ○ Cape Town in South Africa because of its severe water crisis. The water levels in the city would be so low that even taps would run dry. How do you tell time from longitude? ○ The Earth is divided into 24 time zones, each of which is equal to 15 degrees longitude. Moving west or east from the Prime Meridian, the time changes by one hour for every 15 degrees of longitude.