AP Handout 1 Body Orientation PDF

Chapter 1 -- Human Body Orientation: **Anatomy** -The study of the **structure** and **shape** of the body and its parts **Physiology** - The study of how the body and its parts **work** or **function** 6 Levels of Structural Organization -- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organi...

Chapter 1 -- Human Body Orientation: **Anatomy** -The study of the **structure** and **shape** of the body and its parts **Physiology** - The study of how the body and its parts **work** or **function** 6 Levels of Structural Organization -- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism 11 Organ systems: Integumentary -- external body covering, protection form injury, regulate temp, nerve receptors Skeletal -- protects and supports organs, site for muscle attachment, blood cell formation, store minerals Muscular -- movement, posture, produces heat Nervous -- control, responds internal/external change, activates muscles/glands Endocrine -- growth, reproduction, metabolism Cardiovascular- transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, in body via blood Lymphatic -- returns fluid to blood vessels, cleanses blood, involved in immunity Respiratory -- oxygen in, carbon dioxide out Digestive -- breaks down food, nutrient absorption, eliminates material as feces Urinary -- eliminates nitrogenous wastes, acid-base balance, regulates water and electrolytes Reproductive -- offspring, sperm (testes) and eggs (ovaries) Life functions: - Maintain boundaries - Movement -- locomotion and movement of substances - Responsiveness -- sense change and react - Metabolism -- chemical reactions within the body -- breakdown/build up - Digestion -- breakdown/absorption of nutrients - Excretion -- eliminates waste - Reproduction -- cell or organism level - Growth -- cell size and number Survival needs: - Nutrients -- - Oxygen - Water -- - Stable body temp (37C) - Atmospheric pressure - **Homeostasis** - maintenance of a stable internal environment - **Dynamic** **state of equilibrium** - Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life - **Superior** (cranial or cephalad): - **Inferior** (caudal - **Anterior (ventral)** - **Posterior (dorsal):** - **Medial**: **toward or at the midline** - **Lateral**: **away from the midline** - **Intermediate**: - **Proximal**: **close to the origin of the body** - **Distal**: **farther from the origin of a body** - **Superficial**: **toward or at the body surface** - **Deep**: **away from the body surface**; more internal Body cavities: 1\) **Dorsal body cavity** 1. **Cranial cavity** 2. **Spinal cavity** 3. **Ventral body cavity** 1. **Thoracic cavity** 2. **Abdominopelvic cavity** 3. See figure 1.8 and 1.9a-b