Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 8-9: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton PDF

Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 8: Axial Skeleton Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a p...

Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 8: Axial Skeleton Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  The skeleton supports the structure of the human body and also provides protection for internal organs. The word skeleton comes from the Greek word skeleton meaning “dried up”. It is strong yet light adapted for its function of body protection and motion. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Functions of the Skeletal System Support : it forms the internal framework that supports and anchors all soft organs. Protection: bones protect soft body organs. Movement: levers to move the body and its part Storage: bone itself serves as a storehouse of minerals. Blood cell formation: occurs within marrow cavities Hematopoiesis: production of rbc Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 Divisions of the Skeletal System Section 8.1 Learning Objective 8.1.1 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  The Skeletal System Consists of all the bones, cartilage, and ligaments of the body 206 bones in adult skeleton More in children Provides support for the body Aids in body movements Assists in calcium homeostasis Divided into axial and appendicular divisions Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  The Axial Skeleton (Figure 8.1) Forms vertical, central axis of the body Protects internal organs Allows movement of head, neck, back, and respiratory muscles Consists of 80 bones in total: Skull Vertebral column Ribs Sternum Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6  The Appendicular Skeleton Forms upper and lower extremities Includes bones that attach extremities to axial skeleton 126 bones in total Discussed further in Chapter 9 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  The Skull Section 8.2 Learning Objectives 8.2.1–8.2.4 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Introduction to the Skull (Figure 8.2) Composed of 22 bones Bones are divided into two groups: 1. Cranial bones—surround and protect the brain 2. Facial bones—form the face, nasal cavity, mouth, and orbit Form openings called cavities Contain soft organs Decrease weight of skull Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Bones of the Skull Cranial bones Facial bones Frontal bone (1) Mandible (1) Maxillae (2) Parietal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Occipital bone (1) Nasal bones (2) Temporal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Sphenoid bone (1) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Ethmoid bone (1) Vomer (1) Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Unpaired and Paired Skull Bones (Figure 8.3) Paired skull bones are found on the left and right sides Some bones are unpaired Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Cavities of the Skull (Figure 8.4) Cavities house softer structures Cavities include: Cranial cavity Orbits Nasal cavity Oral cavity Paranasal sinuses Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Frontal Bone (Figure 8.5) Forms the forehead and part of cranium Bony markings: Glabella Supraorbital margin Supraorbital foramen Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  Parietal Bones (Figure 8.6) Form superior lateral sides of the skull Articulate with frontal, temporal, and occipital bones Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  Occipital Bone (Figure 8.7) Forms posterior skull and posterior base of cranial cavity Bony markings: External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Occipital condyles Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Temporal Bones (Figure 8.8) Form lower lateral sides of skull Bony markings: Squamous portion Zygomatic process Mastoid process External acoustic meatus Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Styloid process Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Sphenoid Bone (Figure 8.12) Forms much of the base of central skull and part of temples Bony markings: Greater and lesser wings Sella turcica Pituitary fossa Medial and lateral pterygoid processes Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Ethmoid Bone (Figure 8.13) Forms part of orbit and nasal cavity Bony markings: Perpendicular plate Superior and middle nasal conchae Crista galli Cribriform plate Olfactory foramina Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Mandible (Figure 8.9) Forms lower jaw Only moveable bone of skull Bony markings: Body, ramus, and angle Coronoid and condylar processes Mandibular notch Mental foramina Mental protuberance Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Maxillary Bone (Figure 8.10) Also called the hard palate or maxilla Forms the upper jaw, most of the roof of the mouth, part of the orbit, and the lateral base of the nose Bony markings: Alveolar processes Infraorbital foramen Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Lacrimal Bones (Figure 8.16) Lacrimal bones Form part of orbit Contain lacrimal glands that secrete tears Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Palatine Bones (Figure 8.14) Form posterior portion of hard palate, medial part of orbit, and contributes to vertical section of nasal cavity Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Zygomatic Bones (Figure 8.11) Known as the cheekbones Forms much of the lateral part of orbit Bony markings: Temporal process Unites with zygomatic process of temporal bone to form zygomatic arch Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Vomer, Nasal, and Inferior Nasal Conchae Bones (Figures 8.18 and 8.16) Vomer Forms part of nasal septum Nasal bones Form bony base (bridge) and lateral walls the nose Inferior nasal conchae Project into nasal cavity Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  The Articulated Skull (Figure 8.15) Anterior view of articulated skull Many of the bones of the skull can be identified anteriorly Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27  Sutures Immobile joints filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that attach cranial bones Sagittal suture—connects the two parietal bones Coronal suture—connects frontal bone to parietal bones Lambdoid suture—connects parietal bones to occipital bone Squamous suture—connects parietal and temporal bones Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  Sutures Meaning to stitch, are immovable joint found between skull bones. There are four main sutures in the skull. a) Coronal suture: between the frontal & the two-parietal bone. b) Sagittal suture: between the two parietal bones. c) Lambdoidal suture: between parietal & occipital bone. d) Squamosal suture: between parietal bone and temporal bone. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  The Orbit (Figure 8.16) Protects the eyeball and muscles that move it Frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, and sphenoid bones contribute to orbit Optic canal allows entry of optic nerve Superior orbital fissure allows entry of blood supply Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  The Nasal Cavity, Septum, and Conchae (Figure 8.17) Nasal cavity is bordered by maxillae and nasal bones Nasal septum—divides nasal cavity Formed by perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, and septal cartilage Nasal conchae Covered by mucous membranes Warm, filter, and moisten inhaled air Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Paranasal Sinuses (1 of 2) (Figure 8.19) Hollow, air-filled spaces found in frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones Connect to nasal cavity Add volume to skull without adding weight Allow resonance for voice Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32  Sinusitis also known as rhinosinusitis, is an inflammation of the mucous membranes that line the sinuses resulting in symptoms that may include thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and facial pain.. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Oral Cavity (Figure 8.21) Formed by maxillae, mandible, and palatine bones Teeth are embedded in alveolar processes Hard palate formed by palatine process of maxillae and horizontal plate of palatine bones Mandibular (mental) foramen allows entry of nerves and blood vessels to lower jaw Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34  Inside the Cranial Cavity (Figure 8.24) Mostly occupied by the brain Base of skull is divided into 3 fossae: Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  Base of the Skull (Figure 8.25) Anterior cranial fossa Contains crista galli and cribriform plates Middle cranial fossa Contains openings for blood vessels and nerves Posterior cranial fossa Contains internal acoustic meatus, hypoglossal canal, and jugular foramen Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Openings of Middle Cranial Fossa Superior orbital fissure—passage for nerves to eyeball, associated muscles, and sensory nerves to forehead Foramen rotundum—allows exit of major sensory nerve to face Foramen ovale—allows exit of major sensory nerve to face Foramen spinosum—entry of blood supply into cranial cavity Stylomastoid foramen—exit of nerve to muscles of the face Carotid canal—entry of blood supply to brain Foramen lacerum—no structures pass through here Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37  Openings of the Posterior Cranial Fossa Internal acoustic meatus – allows passage of the nerves for hearing and equilibrium and the nerve that supplies muscles of the face Hypoglossal canal – allows passage of a nerve to the tongue Jugular foramen – allows passage of several nerves and the jugular vein Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38  Development and Aging of the Skull Bones of skull are not fused at birth Fontanelles Also known as “soft spots” Allow skull to change shape during birth Allow for rapid growth of brain during infancy Bones are not fully fused until adulthood Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  The Developing Skull (Figure 8.28) Early embryonic skull is mainly sheets of connective tissue As bone ossifies, fontanelles remain to separate bones During birth, bones may shift slightly and overlap After birth, fontanelles and sutures eventually ossify Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Application: Fusion Disorders Cleft lip results from partial or complete failure of upper lip to fuse together Cleft palate results from failure of the hard palate to fuse completely Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of a suture line Results in abnormal growth of skull and cranial deformity Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Hyoid Bone (Figure 8.29) U-shaped bone located in superior part of neck Does not articulate with other skull bones Used primarily for muscle attachment Hyoid fracture is relevant to the diagnosis of strangulation. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Develop a mnemonic device or a song to help you remember the names of the cranial bones and facial bones. “Ethan’s Fried Spanish Pasta Tempted Octavia” where the first letter in each word correlates to a cranial bone (Ethmoid, Frontal, Sphenoid, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital). Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Case Study Activity 1 Marisol is a medical examiner. During an examination, she finds that the hyoid bone of the body she is examining has been crushed. Could this information be used as a way of determining what killed the individual? Why or why not? Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Case Study Activity 1 Answer Marisol is a medical examiner. During an examination, she finds that the hyoid bone of the body she is examining has been crushed. Could this information be used as a way of determining what killed the individual? Why or why not? Yes, she could use this information to aid in determining what killed the individual. The hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bones. Because of this fact, crushing this bone would mean that direct pressure would have to be applied to the area of the bone. This would mean that pressure was applied to the neck as is the case in strangulation. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45  The Vertebral Column Section 8.3 Learning Objectives 8.3.1–8.3.4 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Regions of the Vertebral Column (Figure 8.30) Twenty-four vertebrae in total plus the sacrum and the coccyx Five regions of vertebral column: Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5 fused vertebrae) Coccygeal (4 fused vertebrae) Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  Curvatures of the Vertebral Column (Figure 8.31) Four curvatures increase strength, flexibility, and shock absorption Cervical curve (posteriorly oriented) Thoracic curve (anteriorly oriented) Lumbar curve (posteriorly oriented) Sacrococcygeal curve (anteriorly oriented) Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48  Curvature Abnormalities Kyphosis – excessive posterior curvature of thoracic region Lordosis – excessive anterior curve of lumbar region Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature of vertebral column Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49  General Structure of a Vertebra Components of a typical vertebra: Vertebral body Vertebral arch Pedicles Lamina Vertebral foramen Transverse, spinous, and articular processes Intervertebral foramen Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 50  Cervical Vertebrae (Figure 8.33) Seven cervical vertebrae Small vertebral bodies Transverse foramina for vertebral arteries Bifid spinous processes Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51  Atlas and Axis (Figure 8.34) C1 and C2 allow rotation of the head C1 = atlas Allows head to move in a “yes” motion C2 = axis Contains the dens Allows head to move in a “no” motion Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52  Thoracic Vertebrae (Figure 8.35) Twelve thoracic vertebrae Vertebral bodies increase in size as you descend the spinal column Long, downward angled spinous processes Articulate with ribs Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53  Lumbar Vertebrae (Figure 8.37) Five lumbar vertebrae Largest vertebral bodies Short, blunt spinous processes Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54  Sacrum and Coccyx (Figure 8.38) Sacrum is a thick triangular shaped bone Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae Median sacral crest Sacral promontory on superior portion of sacrum Openings are called sacral foramina Coccyx is formed by fusion of 4 vertebrae Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 55  Knowledge Check Activity 1 How many cervical vertebrae are in the vertebral column? A. 5 B. 12 C. 7 D. 4 E. 1 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56  Knowledge Check Activity 1 Answer How many cervical vertebrae are in the vertebral column? C. 7 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57  The Thoracic Cage Section 8.4 Learning Objectives 8.4.1–8.4.3 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 58  Sternum (Figure 8.40) Parts of sternum 1. Manubrium Clavicular notch Suprasternal notch 2. Body Joins to manubrium at sternal angle 3. Xiphoid process Clavicles and some ribs attach to sternum Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 59  Ribs (Figure 8.41) Twelve pairs of curved flat bones Costal cartilage articulates some to the sternum anteriorly Bony features: Head, neck, body, tubercle, and angle of the rib Costal groove Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 60  Types of Ribs Only some ribs have costal cartilage True ribs (1–7)—costal cartilage directly attaches to sternum False ribs (8–12)—costal cartilage does not attach to sternum Floating ribs (11–12)—do not have costal cartilage Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 61  Knowledge Check Activity 2 Which of the following is a floating rib? A. Rib 2 B. Rib 3 C. Rib 7 D. Rib 11 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 62  Knowledge Check Activity 2 Answer Which of the following is a floating rib? D. Rib 11 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 63  Discussion Activity 1 First-responders are taught carefully how to perform chest compressions. If chest compressions are performed inaccurately, what are some potential consequences? Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 64  Discussion Activity 1 Answer First-responders are taught carefully how to perform chest compressions. If chest compressions are performed inaccurately, what are some potential consequences? The major consequence of improper chest compressions is fracture of the xiphoid process. This scenario could lead to further complications if the xiphoid process punctures the pericardium of the heart or the pleura of the lungs. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 65  Summary At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss and identify the cranial bones of the skull. Discuss and identify the facial bones of the skull Identify bony markings of the skull and their functions. Describe the structure of a typical vertebrae. Discuss the anatomy of the sternum and ribs. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 66 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 67  Anatomy and Physiology, 1e Chapter 9: The Appendicular Skeleton Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 68  The Shoulder Girdle Section 9.1 Learning Objectives 9.1.1–9.1.2 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 69  The Appendicular Skeleton (Figure 9.1) Composed of: Bones found in the upper and lower limbs Humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, bones of the hand Femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones, bones of the foot Bones that attach the limbs to axial skeleton Shoulder girdle – clavicle and scapula Pelvic girdle—os coxae Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 70  Bones of the Shoulder Girdle (Figure 9.3) The clavicle and scapula compose the shoulder girdle Anchor the upper limb to the axial skeleton Facilitate movement of the upper limb Serve as attachment sites for muscles that move shoulder and arm Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 71  Clavicle (Figure 9.4) Also known as the collarbone Loosely-anchored, S-shaped bone Articulates medially with manubrium of sternum Forms sternoclavicular joint Articulates laterally with acromion of scapula Forms acromioclavicular joint Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 72  Scapula (1 of 2) (Figure 9.5) Located on posterior of shoulder Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus Forms glenohumeral joint Coracoid and acromion processes Scapular spine Supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 73  Scapula (2 of 2) (Figure 9.5) Three borders: Superior, medial and lateral borders Superior and inferior angles Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 74  Bones of the Arm Section 9.2 Learning Objectives 9.2.1–9.2.2 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 75  Bones found in the Arm (Figure 9.6) Humerus Ulna Radius Carpal bones Metacarpal bones of the hands Phalanges of the fingers Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 76  Humerus (Figure 9.7) Head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula at shoulder Multiple sites for muscle attachment Distal end forms elbow Trochlea and olecranon fossa articulate with ulna Capitulum articulates with radius Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 77  Ulna (Figure 9.8) Medial bone of antebrachial region Proximal end resembles shape of the letter “C” Olecranon and coronoid processes form trochlear notch Articulates with trochlea of humerus at elbow Allows hinge-like motion of forearm Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 78  Radius (Figure 9.8) Lateral bone of antebrachial region Head articulates with capitulum of humerus at elbow Rotates around ulna to allow pronation and supination of forearm Interosseous membrane is between radius and ulna Distal end articulates with carpal bones Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 79  Supination and Pronation (Figure 9.9) Movements that occur as the radius rotates around the ulna When the elbow is flexed: Pronation occurs as the palm faces inferiorly Supination results in the palm facing superiorly Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 80  Bones of the Wrist: Carpals (Figure 9.10) Eight bones arranged into two rows Proximal row (lateral to medial) Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform Distal row (lateral to medial) Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 81  Bones of the Hand: Metacarpals and Phalanges Five metacarpals in the palm of hand Fourteen phalanges found in fingers (three in each finger, two in the thumb) Named according to relative position Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges Thumb only has proximal and distal phalanges Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 82  Breakout Group Activity 1 Answer Develop a mnemonic device to help you remember the bones of the wrist. Students can work to develop their own mnemonic. An example is: “So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb” The first letter of each word represents a different bone of the wrist: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid, and Trapezium Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 83 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 84  Case Study Activity 1 George was tripped while playing soccer and broke his fall by extending his right arm. He suffered a broken wrist with the fall. What bone in the wrist did he most likely break? Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 85  Case Study Activity 1 Answer George was tripped while playing soccer and broke his fall by extending his right arm. He suffered a broken wrist with the fall. What bone in the wrist did he most likely break? George most likely broke the scaphoid in his wrist. This is a common fracture that occurs when someone extends their arm to break a fall. The force of the fall is transferred between the scaphoid and distal end of the radius causing the break. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 86 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis Section 9.3 Learning Objectives 9.3.1–9.3.3 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 87  The Pelvis (Figure 9.11) The pelvis is formed by: Two hip bones (each called an os coxae) The sacrum The coccyx Largely immobile, weight- bearing structure Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 88  Os Coxae (Figure 9.12) Formed by three fused bones 1. Ilium 2. Ischium 3. Pubis Anchored anteriorly by the pubic symphysis Anchored posteriorly to the sacrum Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 89  Ilium (Figure 9.13) Large, fan-shaped superior portion of the os coxae Site of large muscle attachments Move lower extremity Bony markings: Iliac crest Iliac spines Greater sciatic notch Iliac fossa Iliac spines Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 90  Ischium (Figure 9.14) Posterior portion of os coxae Site where large muscles attach Bony markings: Ischial tuberosity Ischial ramus Lesser sciatic notch Ischial spine Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 91  Pubis (Figure 9.15) Anterior portion of os coxae Bony markings: Pubic body Pubic tubercle Superior and inferior rami Pectineal line Inferior pubic ramus Pubic bodies joined by pubic symphysis Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 92  Male versus Female Pelvis The male pelvis is larger and heavier The female pelvis is structured to meet the needs of pregnancy and childbirth Wider and shallower Pelvic inlet is oval and rounded Changes attributable to hormones Testosterone and estrogen Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 93  Bones of the Leg Section 9.4 Learning Objectives 9.4.1–9.4.2 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 94  Bones found in the Leg (Figure 9.18) Femur Tibia Fibula Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges of the foot Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 95  Femur (Figure 9.19) Found in thigh region Longest, strongest bone of the body Head articulates with acetabulum of os coxae to form hip joint Multiple markings for muscle attachment Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia to form knee joint Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 96  Patella (Figure 9.21) Largest sesamoid bone of the human body Only sesamoid bone found in all humans Increases leverage power of thigh muscles Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 97  Tibia and Fibula (Figure 9.22) Found in lower leg Tibia—medial bone Condyles articulate with femur to form knee joint Tibial tuberosity Medial malleolus Fibula—Lateral bone Head and lateral malleolus Used for muscle attachment Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 98  Bones of the Foot: Tarsals (Figure 9.23) Proximal row of tarsals: Talus Calcaneus Navicular Distal row of tarsals: Cuboid, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 99  Bones of the Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges Metatarsals Make up the arch of the foot Numbered 1–5 (I–V) starting at the medial side of the foot 14 phalanges in the toes Toes numbered 1–5 starting at the big toe (hallux) Named proximal, middle, and distal according to relative position Hallux only has proximal and distal phalanges Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 100  Breakout Group Activity 2 Answer Develop a mnemonic device to help you remember the names of the bones of the foot. An example of a mnemonic for the bones of the foot is: “The Cab in New Mexico Is a Land Cruiser” The first letter of each word corresponds to a bone in the foot: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform, Cuboid Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 101 Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 102  Summary At the end of this chapter, you should be able to: Discuss and identify the bones of the pectoral girdle. Discuss and identify the bones of the upper limb. Discuss and identify the bones of the pelvic girdle. Discuss and identify the bones of the lower limb. Discuss differences in the male and female pelvis. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 103  ORAL REVALIDA RUBRIC 1. TIME LIMIT: Each student has 5 minutes to complete the activity. 2. TOPIC SELECTION: Each student will randomly select 10 bones from the given set. 3. ELABORATION: For each selected bone, the student must elaborate on it by providing: -Identify and point where the bone is. -The location related to the bone. -A short detailed description/definition explaining the bone’s relevance and key points. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 104 4. PASS OPTION: The student may choose to “pass” on a certain bone and return to it later, provided they still have time within the 5- minute limit. 5. SCORING CRITERIA: 3 points- Correct identification of the bone. 3 points- Accurate description of the bone’s location. 4 points- Detailed and clear explanation bone’s key points. 10 points each bone for a total of 100. Elizabeth Co, Anatomy and Physiology, 1st Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 105