Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following bones is a paired skull bone?
Which of the following bones is a paired skull bone?
Which bone contributes to the formation of the forehead?
Which bone contributes to the formation of the forehead?
What is the number of mandible bones in the skull?
What is the number of mandible bones in the skull?
Which cavity is NOT considered a part of the skull cavities?
Which cavity is NOT considered a part of the skull cavities?
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The lacrimal bones are considered which type of skull bones?
The lacrimal bones are considered which type of skull bones?
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How many total facial bones are in the human skull?
How many total facial bones are in the human skull?
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Which of the following is NOT a bony marking of the frontal bone?
Which of the following is NOT a bony marking of the frontal bone?
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What is the total number of unpaired bones in the skull?
What is the total number of unpaired bones in the skull?
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Which suture connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones?
Which suture connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones?
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What is the primary function of the orbit?
What is the primary function of the orbit?
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Which of the following bones does NOT contribute to the formation of the orbit?
Which of the following bones does NOT contribute to the formation of the orbit?
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Which suture connects the two parietal bones?
Which suture connects the two parietal bones?
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What type of joint are sutures classified as?
What type of joint are sutures classified as?
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Which suture connects the parietal and temporal bones?
Which suture connects the parietal and temporal bones?
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Which structure allows the entry of the optic nerve into the skull?
Which structure allows the entry of the optic nerve into the skull?
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What are sutures primarily filled with?
What are sutures primarily filled with?
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What bones compose the shoulder girdle?
What bones compose the shoulder girdle?
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Which joint is formed by the articulation of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum?
Which joint is formed by the articulation of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum?
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What is the function of the shoulder girdle?
What is the function of the shoulder girdle?
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Which part of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?
Which part of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?
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What shape is the clavicle known for?
What shape is the clavicle known for?
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Which of the following is a feature of the scapula?
Which of the following is a feature of the scapula?
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Which angles are associated with the scapula?
Which angles are associated with the scapula?
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What is a characteristic of the clavicle?
What is a characteristic of the clavicle?
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What is the primary characteristic of the femur?
What is the primary characteristic of the femur?
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Which bone is identified as the largest sesamoid bone in humans?
Which bone is identified as the largest sesamoid bone in humans?
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In which region of the body is the tibia located?
In which region of the body is the tibia located?
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Which part of the foot includes the bones that form the arch?
Which part of the foot includes the bones that form the arch?
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What are the components of the distal row of tarsals?
What are the components of the distal row of tarsals?
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How many total phalanges are found in the toes?
How many total phalanges are found in the toes?
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Which bone articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint?
Which bone articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint?
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What is the anatomical position of the fibula in relation to the tibia?
What is the anatomical position of the fibula in relation to the tibia?
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What is the primary function of the mandible?
What is the primary function of the mandible?
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Which of the following bones contributes to the vertical section of the nasal cavity?
Which of the following bones contributes to the vertical section of the nasal cavity?
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Which bony marking is associated with the zygomatic bones?
Which bony marking is associated with the zygomatic bones?
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What is the function of the lacrimal bones in the face?
What is the function of the lacrimal bones in the face?
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Which bone is commonly referred to as the hard palate?
Which bone is commonly referred to as the hard palate?
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Which of the following bones helps form part of the nasal septum?
Which of the following bones helps form part of the nasal septum?
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What is the primary characteristic of the mandible in relation to the skull?
What is the primary characteristic of the mandible in relation to the skull?
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Which structure is found in association with the maxillary bone?
Which structure is found in association with the maxillary bone?
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Study Notes
Bones of the Skull
- The human skull consists of two main types of bones: cranial and facial bones
- There are 8 cranial bones:
- Frontal (1)
- Parietal (2)
- Occipital (1)
- Temporal (2)
- Sphenoid (1)
- Ethmoid (1)
- There are 14 facial bones:
- Mandible (1)
- Maxillae (2)
- Lacrimal (2)
- Nasal (2)
- Palatine (2)
- Zygomatic (2)
- Inferior nasal conchae (2)
- Vomer (1)
- Cranial bones are larger and contribute to protecting the brain
- Facial bones contribute to features like the nose, cheekbones and jawline
- Some skull bones are paired and some are unpaired
Cavities of the Skull
- The skull contains several cavities that house softer structures
- These cavities include:
- Cranial cavity
- Houses the brain
- Orbits
- House the eyeballs and muscles that move them
- Nasal cavity
- Responsible for breathing and smell
- Oral cavity
- Responsible for chewing food and speech
- Paranasal sinuses
- Air-filled cavities that help to lighten the skull and modify the voice
- Cranial cavity
Frontal Bone
- Forms the forehead and part of the cranium
- Features:
- Glabella
- Smooth area between the eyebrows
- Supraorbital margin
- Bony rim above the eye socket
- Supraorbital foramen
- Opening above the eye socket that allows passage of a blood vessel and nerve
- Glabella
Mandible
- Forms the lower jaw
- The only moveable bone of the skull
- Features:
- Body, ramus, and angle
- Body is the horizontal portion, ramus is the vertical portion, and angle is the point where the two meet
- Coronoid and condylar processes
- Serve as points of attachment for muscles
- Mandibular notch
- Indentation between the processes
- Mental foramina
- Openings on the anterior surface that allow passage of blood vessels and nerves
- Mental protuberance
- Point on the chin
- Body, ramus, and angle
Maxillary Bone
- Also called the hard palate or maxilla
- Forms the upper jaw, most of the roof of the mouth, part of the orbit, and the lateral base of the nose
- Features:
- Alveolar processes
- Contain the sockets for the teeth
- Infraorbital foramen
- Opening below the eye socket that allows passage of a blood vessel and nerve
- Alveolar processes
Lacrimal Bones
- Form part of the orbit
- Contain lacrimal glands that secrete tears
Palatine Bones
- Form the posterior portion of the hard palate, the medial part of the orbit, and contributes to the vertical section of the nasal cavity
Zygomatic Bones
- Known as the cheekbones
- Form much of the lateral part of the orbit
- Features:
- Temporal process
- Unites with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch
- Temporal process
Vomer, Nasal, and Inferior Nasal Conchae Bones
- Vomer
- Forms part of the nasal septum
- Nasal bones
- Form the bony base (bridge) and lateral walls of the nose
- Inferior nasal conchae
- Project into the nasal cavity
Sutures
- Immobile joints filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that attach cranial bones
- Main sutures:
- Sagittal suture
- Connects the two parietal bones
- Coronal suture
- Connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones
- Lambdoid suture
- Connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone
- Squamous suture
- Connects the parietal and temporal bones
- Sagittal suture
The Orbit
- Protects the eyeball and muscles that move it
- Bones contributing to the orbit:
- Frontal, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine, and sphenoid
- Features:
- Optic canal
- Allows entry of the optic nerve
- Superior orbital fissure
- Allows entry of blood supply
- Optic canal
The Appendicular Skeleton
- Consists of:
- Bones found in the upper and lower limbs
- Upper limbs: humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones, bones of the hand
- Lower limbs: femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal bones, bones of the foot
- Bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
- Shoulder girdle: clavicle and scapula
- Pelvic girdle: os coxae
- Bones found in the upper and lower limbs
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
- The clavicle and scapula compose the shoulder girdle
- Anchor the upper limb to the axial skeleton
- Facilitate movement of the upper limb
- Serve as attachment sites for muscles that move the shoulder and arm
Clavicle
- Also known as the collarbone
- Loosely-anchored, S-shaped bone
- Articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum
- Forms the sternoclavicular joint
- Articulates laterally with the acromion of the scapula
- Forms the acromioclavicular joint
Scapula
- Located on the posterior of the shoulder
- Features:
- Glenoid cavity
- Articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint
- Coracoid and acromion processes
- Serve as points of attachment for muscles
- Scapular spine
- Ridge on the posterior surface
- Supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae
- Depressions on the anterior and posterior surfaces that house muscles
- Glenoid cavity
- Borders:
- Superior, medial, and lateral borders
- Angles:
- Superior and inferior angles
Femur
- Found in the thigh region
- Longest, strongest bone of the body
- Head articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxae to form the hip joint
- Multiple markings for muscle attachment
- Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
Patella
- Largest sesamoid bone of the human body
- Only sesamoid bone found in all humans
- Increases leverage power of thigh muscles
Tibia and Fibula
- Found in the lower leg
- Tibia
- Medial bone
- Condyles articulate with the femur to form the knee joint
- Tibial tuberosity
- Bump on the anterior surface where the patellar ligament attaches
- Medial malleolus
- Bony projection at the medial side of the ankle that articulates with the talus
- Fibula
- Lateral bone
- Head
- Proximal end that articulates with the tibia
- Lateral malleolus
- Bony projection at the lateral side of the ankle that articulates with the talus
Bones of the Foot: Tarsals
- Proximal row of tarsals:
- Talus
- Articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint
- Calcaneus
- Largest tarsal bone; forms the heel
- Navicular
- Articulates with the talus and three cuneiform bones
- Talus
- Distal row of tarsals:
- Cuboid
- Articulates with the calcaneus, navicular, and fourth and fifth metatarsals
- Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform
- Articulate with the navicular and metatarsals
- Cuboid
Bones of the Foot: Metatarsals and Phalanges
- Metatarsals
- Make up the arch of the foot
- Numbered 1–5 (I–V) starting at the medial side of the foot
- Phalanges
- 14 phalanges in the toes
- Toes numbered 1–5 starting at the big toe (hallux)
- Named proximal, middle, and distal according to relative position
- Hallux only has proximal and distal phalanges
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Description
Explore the fascinating structure of the human skull, including the various cranial and facial bones. This quiz covers the number and types of bones, as well as the cavities of the skull that support vital functions. Test your knowledge on how these components interconnect in protecting the brain and facilitating senses.
