Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology  Circulatory System The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of specialised cells that allow it to act as a pump within the circulatory system Cardiovascular and Blood lymphatic systems make up...

Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology  Circulatory System The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of specialised cells that allow it to act as a pump within the circulatory system Cardiovascular and Blood lymphatic systems make up Nutrients To and from the the circulatory system a Hormones Cells of the body vast network of organs and Oxygen and other vessels responsible for the gases flow of: The Lymphatic system The Cardiovascular system Lymph Blood Lymph nodes Blood vessels Lymph vessels Heart  The Heart The Heart is: Located between the lungs in the centre and to the left of the midline It is cone shaped and about the size of your own clenched fist Can never stop pumping Primary Function is to drive blood through the cardiovascular system delivering : Oxygenated blood to the tissues and organs of the body sufficient for their metabolic needs Deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange  Cardiovascular system The average human adult has 4-6 litres of blood repeatedly cycled throughout the body in a closed circulatory system. It is called a closed system because the blood is contained within the heart and blood vessels at all time and blood always flows in a forward direction. Arteries arterioles Capillaries Veins / organs Heart Ventricles Heart / atria Structures Human heart is divided into 4 chambers 2 Atria and 2 Ventricles – these are hollow chambers which receive blood They are surrounded by myocardial cells which are able to relax and contract The cardiovascular system consists of circuits: Pulmonary circuit provides blood flow between the heart and lungs Systemic circuit allows blood to flow to and from the rest of the body Coronary circuit provides blood to the heart The heart valves ensure that blood flows in one direction through the system Coronary Circuit  Conduction system There are 2 basic types of cardiac cell (Myocytes) Myocardial cells contractile respond to an electrical impulse and contract Specialised cells the conduction system generates electrical impulses and transmits them through the myocardium Site of electrical Rate of impulse impulse generation / min generation SA node 60 - 100 AV node 40 - 60 Ventricles < 40  Contraction of a chamber = Systole The Cardiac Cycle Relaxation of a chamber = Diastole End diastolic volume End systolic volume  Introduction of Key Terms End Diastolic Volume = amount End Systolic volume = amount of blood in the ventricles at the of blood In the ventricles at the end of filling / diastole end of contraction / systole The ventricles never completely empty Stroke Volume = The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat / contraction (approx 70mls in a healthy adult male EDV – ESV = SV  Introduction of Key Terms Cardiac Output (CO) Amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute = cardiac output (CO) In a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your heart each time it contracts. Usually measured with imaging e.g. ECHO / cardiac catheterisation / MRI. Cardiac output and Ejection fraction are important indicators of how efficiently the heart can meet the demands of the body THANK YOU  Key points The output form the right and left side of the heart must always balance. THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE THE AMOUNT OF BLOOD IN THE VENTRICLES AT VENTRICLES AT THE END OF FILLING THE END OF CONTRACTION OR SYSTOLE = END BEFORE SYSTOLE = END DIASTOLIC SYSTOLIC VOLUME - THE VENTRICLES NEVER VOLUME COMPLETELEY EMPTY End diastolic volume End systolic volume EDV – ESV = SV End diastolic volume = 125mls End systolic volume = 50mls The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat = stroke volume - approximately 70mls in a healthy adult male. In this example: 125ml – 50 mls = 75mls  Key points Amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute = cardiac output (CO) in a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume E.g. C0 = 70bpm x 75mls = 5,250mls Ejection fraction is a measurement of the percentage of blood leaving your heart each time it contracts. Usually measured with imaging e.g. ECHO / cardiac catheterisation / MRI. Cardiac output and Ejection fraction are important indicators of how efficiently the heart can meet the demands of the body