Anthropology Lecture Notes - PDF

Epics: Pleistocene 2.6 mya-11kya. Pliocene 5.3 mya-2.6mya. Miocene 5.3mya-23mya *Ardipithecus* (kadabba/ramidus): 5.8 - 4.5 mya; Discovered by Tim White in the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. - Transitional to Australopithecus - Chimp-like brain Locomotion First vs Brains first Theorems Bipedal ada...

Epics: Pleistocene 2.6 mya-11kya. Pliocene 5.3 mya-2.6mya. Miocene 5.3mya-23mya *Ardipithecus* (kadabba/ramidus): 5.8 - 4.5 mya; Discovered by Tim White in the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. - Transitional to Australopithecus - Chimp-like brain Locomotion First vs Brains first Theorems Bipedal adaptations: Bowl-shaped pelvis, rearranged gluteal muscles, valgus-angled femur, locked knee, enlarged joint surface areas in the pelvis, lumbar lordosis, anteriorly located magnum. Bipedal adaptations of the foot: Inclined hallux, shortened toes elongated mid and hind food, development of arches. Phylogeny: space in which species fall evolutionarily. Paleobiology: actual biology and function of the organism. Paleoecology: environment and selective pressures within it that are context for the organism\'s existence. *Eoanthropus dawsoni* "Piltdown Man": Discovered by Charles Dawson in 1908-1912, this discovery was later revealed to be a hoax in 1950 through chemical analysis of the skull. Sir Arthur Keith: British anatomist and anthropologist, opposed Dart's notion of Taung skull, believed in Brain's First evolution. Sir Arthur Smith Woodward: First reconstruction of the Piltdown Man and assumed it to be of Plio-Pleistocene age. Raymond Dart: Australian anatomist discovered the Taung Child (Australopithecus africanus). Supported by Robert Broom a Scottish doctor. *Australopithecus africanus* (1925) (Plesianthopus transvaalensis -- Mrs. Ples): 3-2mya.No brow ridge, high forehead, flat orthognathic profile, no CP3, deciduous teeth, large cheek teeth, gracile build, anteriorly placed foramen magnum, 450cc. *Paranthropus robustus* (1938): Discovered by Robert Broom; 2-1.5 mya, robust jaw structure, small anterior detention, very large molars. Contemporary with au. africanus East African Rift: geologically young and very active, Paranthropus boisei (1959): Zinj. Robust australopith discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey. Small anterior dentition and large cheek teeth. Contemporary w H. Habilis. Very specialized. Lucy (Australopithecus aferensis) (1974): 4-3 mya. 40% complete, 1-meter tall, derived bipedalism. Discovered by Donald Johanson. Upper diastema present - no lower. More parabolic detention than apes, still primitive. Mosaic traits and mixed locomotion. Presence of non-selectively applicable vestiges. "First Family": 3.2 mya group of 13 individual Au. Afarensis, possible catastrophic event, in Hadar Ethiopia Hadar, Ethiopia: time periods separated by volcanic Tuffs Laetoli Tracks: Made by Au. Afarensis. Discovered in 1978 Laetoli, Tanzania by Mary Leakey, 3.6 Mya. *Australopithecus deyiremeda* (2015): 3.4 mya, more robust jaw the *Au. Africanus* but smaller teeth. Contemporary with Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus anamensis (1994): Discovered by Meave Leakey, 4.2-3.9 mya, late Pliocene early Miocene. advanced bipedalism, sexual dimorphism. *Australopithecus bahrelghazali* (1993): 3.4-3 mya. Derived bicuspid molars *Australopithecus garhi (1999):* 2.5mya Small brain, prognathic face, long legs/forearms, big teeth. *Paranthropus aethiopicus* (1985): Primitive robust australopithecine, 2.8-2.2 mya. Omo Ethiopia- collaborative site with many nations. Black skull *Kenyanthropus platyops* (1999): Discovered by Meave Leakey, 3.5-3.2 mya Orthognathic face. Controversial because many fragmented skull pieces were put together. More derived than Au. Possible use of oldawan tools. *Australopithecus sediba* (2010): 1.98-1.7 mya, 430cc, many *Homo* derived traits. Gracile Australopiths: *Au. Africanus, Au. Afarensis, Au. Anamensis, Au. Bahrelghazali.* *Robust Australopiths: P. robustus, P. aethiopicus, P. boisei.* *Lomekwi 3:* Archeological site in West Turkana, Kenya. 3.3 mya, oldest tools by over 700ka (Oldowan). Discovery site of *Keyanthropus platyops.* *Homo habilis "Handy man"*(1964) Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: 2.0-1.6 mya, tool association, reduced molar size, prehensile/robust carpals, adducted hallux. 1000-1600cc, derived bipedalism. No sagittal crests, M3\ cooperation. Contemporary with erectus. Possible Cannibalism, use of shelters Atapuerca, Spain: 300kya, \>1300 hominid fossils, mid-Pleistocene assemblage, 12.-07 mya. Homo neanderthalensis (1856) Type specimen: King. Archaic hominin, 200-30kya, Mousterian tools, (La Chapelle-aux-Saints, Corrèze, France). Highly robust cranial and post-cranial morphology, cold-adapted, significant temporal/regional variation. No chin, large brow ridges, retromolar gap, low forehead, occipital bun. Long collar bones, broad fingertips, delineated joints, long pubic bone. Mousterian Industry: Neanderthals. Form disc shape and strike from each face, shape into number of specialized tools. (mtDNA is maternally inherited) Denisovans (*Homo sp.*): Serbian hominin discovered in a cave, described by a couple of fingers and teeth. Used to help structuralize Neaderthal DNA. Introgression evident in Aboriginal australians Neanderthal Introgression: 65-47kya, process in which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis swapped genetic information. Homo floresiensis (2000): "Hobbits" of Indonesia, 18kya. Homo naledi (2015): 335-236kya, mosaic of primitive and derived features, small brain, curved cranium, curved fingers, humanlike hands, small body. Homo sapiens: 195kya oldest remains found in Omo Kibish, Ethiopia. vertical forehead, rounded cranium, canine fossa, chin presence. H. sapiens idaltu (herto man) discovered by Tim White (2003). Fossil data contradicts multiregional evolution **H sapiens in middle east 60kya: First fossils found 130kya-100kya in Skhul and Qafzeh Israel and are th**ought to have retreated back to Africa H. sapiens in Europe 40-30kya: Les Eyzies France: 32kya sudden appearance corresponds to neanderthal demise. East Asia about 40kya: shovel incisors East Asia Sites: Jinniushan, China: heidelburgensis, people argue it has connections with modern Asian humans. Zhoukoudian cave:. Tianyun China (2003) 40kya: next to Zhoukoudian, Asian and native American ancestry, indicates Out of Africa with admixture. Ust'-ishim, Siberia 45kya: exceptional preservation allows for high quality genome, shows admixture with neanderthals, indicates human/neanderthal split 770-550 kya H. sapiens in Australasia 60kya: previously landmass was Sundaland + Sahul (Australia and new guinea) connected at times of low sea-level. Java, Indonesia: Wajak was difficult to date. Niah Cave skull most similar to Australian aboriginal populations Emergence of art: originally thought in europe, much earlier 77kya engraving found in south Africa. Coincided with structured homes, larger geographic ranges, simple economic exchanges, social rituals (jewelry) Johann Blumenbach (1752-1840): German Anatomist, classified 5 races by diferences in skull shape, Caucasus Mountain skull most perfect/beautiful. Caucasoid (Europeans), Mongoloid (Asians), American (Native Americans), Ethiopian (Africans), and Malayan (Southeast Asians). Stated that you cannot mark divisions between racees Samuel G. Morton (1700-1851): American Anatomist+Physician. Father of Scientific Racism, based on cranial capacity. Stated human races were different species. Brain case measurements did not correct for body size Craniometry vs Anthropometry: Craniometry measuring the bones of the skull (believed to be related to IQ. Anthropometry measurement of living human individuals for the purposes of understanding human physical variation. Francis Galton (1822-1911): Social Darwinist, suggested biological inheritance is more important than environment in determining intelligence. Coined eugenics Franz Boas (1858-1942): Father of 4 field anthropology. Ranged race-based approach to culture. Argued for racial plasticity based on studies of immigrants Earnest Hooten (1887-1954): Developed "committee on the Negro". Interested in criminal nature as measured in skulls, argued human variation was based on non-adaptive traits to explain differences between races Carleton Coon (1904-1981): identified 5 races and argued they evolved seperately Stanley M. Garn (1922-2007): against using physical traits to seperate races, argued race is geographical No biological race: humans not diverse compared to other extant apes. Stereotyping is based on false assumption that personality is fixed w/in gene pool W.E.B Dubois (1868-1963): anti-racist scholar, published "souls of black folk" 1903, stated health disparities based on social (not biological) inequality. Racial typologies: Pre-evolutionary races, races established by divine. Evolutionary, races have separate evolutions.. Diversity and variaation, based on natural selection (adaptationist) or population history (historical). Monogenism vs Polygenism: mono, races derrived from a common race. Poly, multiple creation events lead to different races which is reinforced by young earth creationism