Anthropology Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who is known as the father of 4 field anthropology?

  • W.E.B Dubois
  • Francis Galton
  • Franz Boas (correct)
  • Carleton Coon

What did Francis Galton suggest about the influence of biology and environment on intelligence?

  • Biological inheritance is less important than environment.
  • Intelligence is entirely a result of social factors.
  • Biological inheritance is more important than environment. (correct)
  • Environment plays a significant role in intelligence development.

Which anthropologist argued against using physical traits to categorize races?

  • Carleton Coon
  • Earnest Hooten
  • Stanley M. Garn (correct)
  • Francis Galton

What concept did W.E.B Dubois emphasize in relation to health disparities?

<p>Social inequalities lead to health disparities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the concept of monogenism?

<p>All races are derived from a common ancestral race. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Laetoli Tracks discovered in Tanzania?

<p>They demonstrate advanced bipedalism in Australopithecus afarensis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant finding was revealed about Eoanthropus dawsoni in 1950?

<p>It was exposed as a hoax. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Australopithecus deyiremeda differ from Australopithecus africanus?

<p>It has a more robust jaw. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation is associated with bipedalism in hominins?

<p>Bowl-shaped pelvis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Australopithecus species is known for its gracile build and was discovered in 1925?

<p>Australopithecus africanus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the term 'Robust Australopiths'?

<p>They are characterized by larger teeth and jaw strength. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with Paranthropus robustus?

<p>Robust jaw structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with Homo habilis?

<p>Increased brain size compared to previous species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the archaeological site Lomekwi 3?

<p>It holds evidence of the oldest tools, predating Oldowan. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hominin is often referred to as 'Lucy'?

<p>Australopithecus afarenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'phylogeny' refer to?

<p>The evolutionary relationships among species (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is characteristic of Homo neanderthalensis?

<p>Mousterian tool culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature of the Denisovans is particularly notable?

<p>They are known primarily from DNA evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is NOT a characteristic of Ardipithecus?

<p>Robust jaw structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered the Taung Child, an important fossil in human evolution?

<p>Raymond Dart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Australopith species is noted for its derived bicuspid molars?

<p>Australopithecus bahrelghazali (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Neanderthal introgression in human evolution?

<p>It represents a genetic exchange between two species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evidence suggests a retreat of Homo sapiens from the Middle East back to Africa?

<p>Fossils found in Skhul and Qafzeh Israel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hominin species is known to have existed around 335-236 kya with a unique combination of primitive and derived features?

<p>Homo naledi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is particularly associated with Homo sapiens?

<p>Canine fossa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following locations is known for the significant evidence of early human-like behavior through artistic expression?

<p>Blombos Cave, South Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What erroneous belief is associated with Samuel G. Morton regarding race?

<p>He stated that different races were varied by cranial capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between craniometry and anthropometry?

<p>Craniometry focuses on skull measurements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best characterizes Johann Blumenbach’s classification of human races?

<p>He viewed the Caucasian skull as the most aesthetically pleasing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Australopithecus africanus

An extinct hominin species, existing from 3 to 2 million years ago, characterized by a gracile build, small canines, and a high forehead, lacking a pronounced brow ridge.

Paranthropus robustus

Robust hominin species; from 2-1.5 million years ago; characterized by a strong jaw and very large molars.

Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis)

A nearly complete fossilized skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis, approximately 3.2 million years old; famous for demonstrating bipedal adaptations.

Piltdown hoax

A fraudulent archaeological find; a fossil skull falsely presented as evidence of an early human ancestor.

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Bipedalism adaptations

Physical traits like a bowl-shaped pelvis, angled femur, and arched feet that support upright walking.

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East African Rift

A geologically dynamic region in eastern Africa where frequent volcanic activity occurs, and which yields many hominin fossils.

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Paleobiology

The study of ancient life's actual biology and functions.

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Phylogeny

The evolutionary history or relationships among species.

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Introgression

The transfer of genetic material from one species to another through repeated interbreeding.

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Neanderthal Introgression

The exchange of genetic information between Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis, which occurred between 65,000 and 47,000 years ago.

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Homo floresiensis

An extinct human species, nicknamed 'hobbits', found in Indonesia. They lived until about 18,000 years ago and were characterized by their small size and brains.

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Homo naledi

An extinct human species discovered in South Africa, dating back 335,000 to 236,000 years ago. They possessed a mix of primitive and advanced traits, including a small brain and curved fingers.

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Omo Kibish

A site in Ethiopia where the oldest Homo sapiens remains were found, dating back 195,000 years ago.

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Herto Man (H.sapiens idaltu)

A Homo sapiens fossil discovered in Ethiopia by Tim White in 2003, representing a late stage of human evolution.

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Skhul and Qafzeh

Sites in Israel where early Homo sapiens fossils were found, dating back 130,000 to 100,000 years ago. These fossils are thought to represent an early migration out of Africa.

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Les Eyzies, France

A site in France where evidence of Homo sapiens presence was found, dating back 32,000 years ago. This arrival coincides with the disappearance of Neanderthals.

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Laetoli Tracks

Footprints preserved in volcanic ash in Tanzania, dating back to 3.6 million years ago. Made by Australopithecus afarensis, they provide strong evidence of bipedalism.

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Tuffs in Hadar

Layers of volcanic ash in Hadar, Ethiopia, that act as time markers, separating different geological periods and helping to date hominin fossils.

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Robust Australopiths

A group of hominins characterized by large, robust skulls, powerful jaws, and massive cheekbones. Examples: Paranthropus aethiopicus, P. robustus, and P. boisei.

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Gracile Australopiths

A group of hominins characterized by a more delicate, slender build compared to robust australopiths. Examples: Australopithecus afarensis, Au. africanus, Au. bahrelghazali, and Au. anamensis.

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Oldowan Tools

The earliest known stone tools, characterized by simple, flaked stones. Dating back to at least 3.3 million years ago, they were likely used for tasks like butchering carcasses and digging.

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Mousterian Tools

Advanced stone tools, associated with Neanderthals. These characteristically include a variety of specialized tools created by striking flakes from a core.

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Neanderthal Features

Distinctive physical characteristics of Neanderthals, including a robust build, prominent brow ridges, a receding chin, and a large braincase with a prominent occipital bun.

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Denisovans

An extinct hominin species, known primarily from DNA recovered from finger bones and teeth found in a Siberian cave. Their genetic material has been used to understand Neanderthal DNA.

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What did Francis Galton believe about intelligence?

Francis Galton, a social Darwinist, believed that biological inheritance played a more significant role than environment in determining intelligence.

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What is Anthropometry?

Anthropometry is the measurement of living human individuals to understand physical variations.

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What did Franz Boas argue about race?

Franz Boas challenged the idea of fixed racial differences, arguing that environmental influences cause 'racial plasticity,' supporting this through studies of immigrants.

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What are racial typologies?

Racial typologies are attempts to categorize humans into distinct races based on different theories, including pre-evolutionary (fixed), evolutionary (separate evolutions), and diversity-based (adaptation or history).

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What is the difference between Monogenism and Polygenism?

Monogenism: all races descend from a single origin. Polygenism: different races originated independently, often linked to young earth creationism.

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Study Notes

Pleistocene, Pliocene, Miocene Epochs

  • Epics: Pleistocene (2.6 mya - 11kya), Pliocene (5.3 mya - 2.6 mya), Miocene (5.3 mya - 23 mya)

Ardipithecus and Australopithecus

  • Ardipithecus (kadabba/ramidus): 5.8 - 4.5 mya, discovered in Middle Awash, Ethiopia
  • Transitional to Australopithecus
  • Chimp-like brain
  • Bipedal adaptations: bowl-shaped pelvis, rearranged gluteal muscles, valgus-angled femur, locked knee, enlarged joint surface areas in pelvis, lumbar lordosis, anteriorly located magnum
  • Bipedal foot adaptations: inclined hallux, shortened toes; elongated mid and hind foot; development of arches
  • Phylogeny: evolutionary relationships
  • Paleobiology: organism's biology and function
  • Paleoecology: organism's environment and selective pressures

Eoanthropus dawsoni ("Piltdown Man")

  • Discovered (1908-1912) by Charles Dawson
  • Later revealed to be a hoax (1950)
  • Chemical analysis of the skull
  • Sir Arthur Keith: opposed Dart's notion of the Taung skull; believed in brain development first

Sir Arthur Smith Woodward

  • Conducted first reconstruction of "Piltdown Man"
  • Assumed it to be Plio-Pleistocene age

Raymond Dart and Australopithecus africanus

  • Anatomist that discovered the Taung Child (Australopithecus africanus)
  • Supported by Robert Broom, Scottish doctor
  • Australopithecus africanus (1925; Plesianthopus transvaalensis – Mrs. Ples): 3-2 mya
  • No brow ridge, high forehead, flat orthognathic profile, no CP3, deciduous teeth, large cheek teeth, gracile build, anterior foramen magnum, 450cc

Paranthropus robustus

  • Discovered by Robert Broom, 2-1.5 mya
  • Robust jaw structure, small anterior dentition; very large molars
  • Contemporary with Australopithecus africanus

Other Important Information

  • Homo habilis ("Handy Man"): 2.0-1.6 mya, tool association; reduced molar size; prehensile/robust carpals; adducted hallux, 1000-1600cc; derived bipedalism; retreating chin; narrow molars; slight postorbital constriction; domed forehead

  • Homo rudolfensis: 1.9-1.8 mya, larger and flatter face than Habilis; more gracile than H. habilis

  • Homo erectus: Narikatome boy. Discovered by Lewis Leakey; 1.8-0.6 mya

  • Homo ergaster: 1.6 mya, 880cc, predates erectus (more robust)

  • Homo sapiens: 195kya, Oldest remains in Omo Kibish; vertical forehead, rounded cranium, canine fossa, chin

  • H. erectus, first hominin outside of Africa -Acheulean industrialization

  • Movius Line

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Test your knowledge on key concepts and figures in anthropology. This quiz covers foundational theories, influential anthropologists, and critical ideas about race and health disparities. Perfect for students and enthusiasts of the discipline!

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