Dairy Production in the Philippines PDF

Unit 3. DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION  Chapter 1. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE Milk, with its assortment of protein, fat, lactose (milk sugar), minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and water, is sometimes called nature’s most perfect food. I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE T...

Unit 3. DAIRY CATTLE PRODUCTION  Chapter 1. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE Milk, with its assortment of protein, fat, lactose (milk sugar), minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and water, is sometimes called nature’s most perfect food. I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE The world’s people obtain most of their milk from cows, goats, sheep, and buffaloes, with horses, donkeys, reindeer, yak, and sows contributing to a lesser content. I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE Milk is a versatile food that is in itself the basis of such products as cheese, ice cream, butter and cottage cheese, milk is a major component of the human diet in many countries, including the USA.  Milk Intelligence consumption Dr. E. V. McColum, a noted American nutritionist, said: “The people who have achieved, who have become large, strong and vigorous people, who have the best trades in the world, who have an appreciation for art, literature and music, who are progressive in science and in every activity of the human intellect, are the people who have used liberal amount of milk and its products.” I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE Milk contains all the essential amino acids needed by humans. The protein of milk is composed of globulins, casein, and lactalbumin. Casein is synthesized by the udder, globulins and albumins (the source of lactalbumin) are in the blood. Portions of the globulins of milk are structural parts of antibodies. Casein is the most abundant protein constituent of milk. It has many uses in addition to providing protein in the diet. Lactalbumin is part of the enzyme system that synthesizes lactose in the mammary gland. It is secreted into milk as a by-product and becomes part of milk protein I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE Colostrum contains many antibodies that give the newborn protein from harmful microorganisms that invade the body and causes illness. I. NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE Milk is high in: Calcium But: Phosphorus Low Iron VitA Low Vit C Vit B complex Vit D  Chapter 2. DAIRY SITUATION IN THE PHILIPPINES II. Dairy Industry Performance Report (PSA) As of January 1, 2016, the total dairy animal population was 44,432 heads. This was 6.34 percent higher than last year’s headcount. Dairy cattle stocks grew by 8.95 percent. Dairy carabao and dairy goat population went up by 2.91 percent and 6.75 percent respectively. II. Dairy Industry Performance Report (PSA) II. Dairy Industry Performance Report (PSA) 47.6 T II. Dairy Industry Performance Report (NDA) II. Dairy Industry Performance Report (NDA) II. Dairy Industry Performance Report (NDA) II. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Foreign Agricultural Service & GAIN (Global Agricultural Information Network) Date: October 14,2020 Report Number: RP2020-0074 Report Name: Dairy and Products Annual Country: Philippines Post: Manila Report Category: Dairy and Products Prepared By: Pia Ang Approved By: Morgan Haas Report Highlights: The Philippines imports virtually all of its dairy products, especially milk powder, as domestic production cannot meet the country’s dairy demand of nearly 3.0 million metric tons (MMT) liquid milk equivalent (LME) per year, according to the National Dairy Authority (NDA). Total imports in 2020 are projected to drop due to dampened consumer demand caused by the COVID-19 induced economic slowdown. Dairy imports in 2021 will likely increase marginally as the local economy recovers and purchasing power improves. Major suppliers are New Zealand (37 percent), the United States (31 percent), and Australia (5 percent). In 2019, the Philippines was the sixth largest market for U.S. dairy products by value at $273 million.  Production: The Philippines produces less than one percent of its total annual dairy requirement and imports the balance. Local milk production is projected to reach 26,000 MT in 2020 and will likely hit 26,500 MT in 2021 due to growing local dairying capabilities and the implementation of new dairy development projects. Around 65 percent of total milk produced is cow’s milk, while the rest is carabao milk (31 percent) and goat milk (4 percent). Production: Data from the NDA shows that local milk production (from cattle, carabao and goats) was 25 million metric tons (MMT) in 2019, about 17,000 MT of which was cow’s milk. The value of dairy production in 2019 amounted to P966 million ($19.7 million). According to the NDA, the average farmgate price of milk increased to P44.24/liter ($0.90) in 2020 from P42.06/liter ($0.86) in 2019. By contrast the corresponding farmgate price of milk in the U.S. is about $0.41/liter ($18.80 per cwt /1 cwt = 23.359 kg) as of August 2020.  Production: In 2020, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) estimated the country’s beginning inventory of dairy cattle (female dairy animals only) at 11,645, while there are 9,328 head of carabao and 8,851 of goats. Dairy cattle numbers increased slightly due to the importation of new dairy breeds and an increase in live births.  Production: The average Philippine milk production per animal (8 liters/day) remains low mainly due to poor feed and management practices, compounded with high production costs and a lack of adequate dairy infrastructure. In comparison, the average daily milk yield in the United States is around 30 liters/day and about 20 liters/day in the United Kingdom. There are four main types of dairy farms in the Philippines: individual smallholder producers (who consume and sell locally what they produce), smallholder cooperatives (who deliver their milk to a collection point for transport to a processing plant), commercial farms (which supply processors), and government farms (which supply school and rural community feeding programs). A significant amount of the Philippine fluid milk supply is Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk reconstituted from imported milk powder because of the country’s cold chain challenges and limited production.  Production Policy: The Philippine Department of Agriculture (DA) continues to make the development of the Philippine dairy industry a priority with a special emphasis on improving local supply of fresh milk. While the DA accepts that the Philippines cannot compete in the powdered milk market, it believes that it can greatly augment the supply of fresh milk to the market. The NDA is the DA’s primary agency overseeing and aiding the development of the Philippine dairy sector. The NDA aims to accelerate dairy herd build-up and milk production, enhance the dairy business through delivery of technical services, increase coverage of school milk feeding programs, and promote milk consumption. At the heart of the NDA strategy is the Herd Build-Up Program. This program aims to expand local dairy production through the importation of dairy animals, embryos, and equipment; upgrading of local animals to dairy breeds via breeding programs; the establishment of multiplier farms; and the preservation of existing stocks. The following are sub-programs of the Herd Build-Up Program: Production Policy: 1. Save-the-Herd (STH) - Promotes animal trading, dairy enterprise enhancement and herd conservation. Under this program, the STH partner receives a dairy animal from NDA which they are obligated to rear, condition, and impregnate according to prescribed dairy husbandry management standards. 2. Herd Infusion - Includes importation of dairy stocks, diversification of sources, and local procurement of dairy animals. 3. Improved Breeding Efficiency - Breeding services to maximize the reproductive capacity of dairy animals either through artificial insemination or natural (bull) breeding. 4. Animal Financing - Tailoring of animal loan programs to the dairy business cycle and identifying new sources of affordable loans. 5. “Palit-Baka” Scheme or Dairy Animal Distribution - Refers to the program whereby NDA distributes a potential dairy animal to an eligible participant who, in turn, would eventually provide NDA with a female dairy animal as payment in kind. Production Policy: 6. Upgrading of Local Animals - Artificial insemination of local cattle with 100 percent purebred HolsteinFriesian semen. Calves born from upgrading programs are distributed to new farmers interested in dairying. 7. Breeding/Multiplier Farm Operations - Engaging and encouraging private-public partnerships in producing local-born dairy stocks. There are currently 61 dairy multiplier farms with more than 5,500 dairy animals contributing 4.1 million liters. 8. Bull Loan – Loan program that provides purebred and crossbred dairy bulls to regional field units of the Department of Agriculture or to other project partners for semen production, collection, and processing purposes. Production Policy: Other NDA program areas include: the Dairy Business Enhancement Program which fosters entrepreneurship among dairy producers by installation of business management systems, continuous education, training and infrastructure development. The Milk Quality Assurance Program focuses on the installation of quality-based milk test and payment systems, farm and plant audits and installation of quality control systems; and the Milk Feeding Program serves as the base market of local dairy farmers. Consumption: The Philippine economy is seen to decline in 2020 mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic and shutdown. Economic activity may remain relatively sluggish, with many businesses and industries still operating way below the usual capacity amid social distancing and other stringent health protocols to prevent COVID-19 from spreading further. The Philippine economy will likely rebound in 2021 as the outbreak is contained, the economy is further opened, and more government stimulus measures are implemented. Annual per capita milk consumption in the Philippines is estimated at 22 kg, compared with Thailand at 26 kg, Malaysia at 52 kg, and the United States at 287 kg. With a growing population of roughly 107 million in 2020, the Philippines is a large and expanding market for milk and dairy products. Other factors contributing to the long-term trend of strong growth in dairy consumption are expanding cold chain capacity, an increasing number of supermarkets, and a blossoming food processing industry. Consumption: According to NDA, one out of every three glasses of fresh liquid milk (not reconstituted from powder) consumed in the Philippines is produced locally. A Filipino family now spends a little over P4,000 ($82) per year on dairy products. Half of smallholder milk production goes to school and community milk feeding programs and the rest to local commercial sales or household consumption. With dairy production in the country being more community- based, maintaining the quality of fresh milk is a challenge due to the lack of processing and distribution systems, and a dependable, continuous cold chain. The greater Manila area remains the major fresh milk market in the country. Fresh fluid milk in a mid-range Manila supermarket sells for P90-120 per liter ($1.70-$2.20). Note: US$1 =PhP48.37, as of October 10, 2020.  Consumption: The main targets of local milk processors are the institutional buyers, especially coffee shops. Specialty coffee shops are good markets because of the continuing trend towards coffee consumption as a lifestyle in the country. Locally-sourced, fresh milk dominates this market because of its superior foaming properties, as compared to UHT milk. The major suppliers of fresh milk to coffee shops are processors from Southern Luzon, particularly Batangas and Laguna. Other suppliers to coffee shops produce UHT milk reconstituted from imported milk powder and packaged under their own brand. The specialty coffee shop industry is projected to sustain growth of 10-15 percent over the next five years. Analysts attribute this expansion to growing consumer preference for specialty coffee and the improving image of coffee in general. (Food and Agribusiness Monitor, University of Asia and the Pacific). III. Government Efforts to Develop the Dairy Industry R.A. 7884 (Dairy Development Act of 1995): signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos on 20 February 1995 and became effective on 12 March 1995. The Act integrates all government dairy development programs into the National Dairy Authority or NDA III. Government Efforts to Develop the Dairy Industry R.A. 7307 (Strengthening of the Philippine Carabao Research and Development Center Act of 1992): established the Philippine Carabao Center  Chapter 3. BREEDS OF DAIRY ANIMALS IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Holstein- Friesian 21 IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Holstein-Friesian Holstein Friesians (Holsteins in North America, Friesians in the UK and Ireland); originate from the Dutch provinces of North Holland and Friesland, and Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany. They are known as the world's highest-production dairy animals. They are famed for their large dairy production, averaging 22,530 pounds of milk per year. Of this milk, 858 pounds (3.7%) are butterfat and 719 pounds (3.1%) are protein. Usually black and white or red and white in colour, typically exhibiting piebald pattern. Calf weighs 40 to 50 kg (75–110 lb) or more at birth; cow weighs 680– 770 kg (1500–1700 lb), and stands 145–165 cm (58–65 in) tall at the shoulder. Holstein heifers should be bred by 11 to 14 months of age, when they weigh 317–340 kg (700–750 lb) or 55% of adult weight. IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Ayrshire 23 IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Ayrshire Ayrshire cattle are from Ayrshire in southwest Scotland. Ayrshires typically have red and white markings; the red can range from a shade of orange to a dark brown. They are known for their hardiness and their ability to convert grass into milk efficiently. The breed's strengths today are traits of easy calving and longevity. The Ayrshire is considered to be a medium-sized breed by most conservation organisations and breed associations. The average adult individual "should weigh over 1,200 lb (540 kg) at maturity.“ Their milk production can reach 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) or greater per annum. IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Brown Swiss 25 IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Brown Swiss Brown Swiss is an American breed of dairy cattle. It derives from the traditional triple-purpose Braunvieh of the Alpine region of Europe, but has diverged substantially from it. It was selectively bred for dairy qualities only, and its draft and beef capabilities were lost. Milk yield was measured in 2013 at 10231 kg (22600 lb) per year; the milk has about 4% butterfat and 3.5% protein and is suitable for making cheese. The American Brown Swiss is of medium size. The coat is usually a light grayish brown, but varies from almost white to gray or dark brown. There may some shading in the coat, with the forequarters often darker than the legs and hind parts. The muzzle is black, ringed with creamy white. IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Guernsey 27 IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Guernsey The Guernsey is from the island of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is fawn or red and white in colour, and is hardy and docile. It produces rich and flavoursome milk, high in fat and protein, and has a golden-yellow tinge due to its high β-carotene content. The Guernsey is of medium size: cows weigh 450 to 500 kg, and bulls 600 to 700 kg. The coat is red or fawn (wheat-coloured), and may or may not be pied red-and-white or fawn-and-white. It traditionally had several other good qualities: it was long-lived, calved without difficulty, grazed well and – being relatively small-sized – was an efficient milk producer IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Jersey 29 IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Jersey The Jersey is a British breed of small dairy cattle from Jersey, in the British Channel Islands. It is highly productive – cows may give over 10 times their own weight in milk per lactation; the milk is high in butterfat and has a characteristic yellowish tinge. The Jersey cow ranges from only 400 to 500 kilograms (880 to 1,100 lb). Jerseys occur in all shades of brown, from light tan to almost black. They are frequently fawn in colour. All purebred Jerseys have alighter band around their muzzles, a dark switch (long hair on the end of the tail), and black hooves, although in recent years, colour regulations have been relaxed to allow a broadening of the gene pool. The cows are calm and docile; bulls may be unpredictable or aggressive IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Milking Shorthorn 31 IV. Breeds of Dairy Cattle Milking Shorthorn The Dairy Shorthorn is a British breed of dairy cattle. It developed from the Shorthorn, which came from England. It is an average-sized breed, with mature cows averaging 140 cm (55 in) tall at the tailhead, and weighing 640 to 680 kg (1,410 to 1,500 lb). They are red, red with white markings, white, or roan. Red and white coat colour genes in purebred Milking Shorthorns are co-dominant, resulting in the roan coloration and unique colour patterns seen in the breed. Average milk production for the breed is about 7,000 kg (15,000 lb) in an annual lactation of 305 days, with 3.8% butterfat and 3.3% protein. They are also known for high levels of fertility, grazing efficiency, and ease of management that result in the breed being high suitable for low- input dairy operations in various production environments. They are known for their durability, longevity, and ease of calving as well as their versatility in a number of production environments. V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Murrah 33 V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Murrah The Murrah buffalo is a breed of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) mainly kept for milk production. It originates in India. It has been used to improve the milk production of dairy buffalo in other countries, such as Italy, Bulgaria and Egypt. In Brazil this breed of buffalo is used for production of meat and also milk. Murrah breed of buffalo sells for a high price. The Murrah buffalo is jet black in colour, sometimes with white markings on the face or legs. Eyes are black, active and prominent in females but slightly shrunken in males and should not be walled i.e. cornea should not have whiteness. Neck is long and thin in females and thick and massive in males. Ears are short, thin and alert. They typically have short and tightly curved horns. Bulls weigh around 550 kg (1,210 lb) and cows around 450 kg (990 lb).Average milk production is 2200 litres in a lactation period of 310 days V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Surti 35 V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Surti The Surti is a breed of water buffalo found in the Charottar tract of Gujarat, India between the Mahi and Sabarmati rivers. The Surti buffalo is of medium size and docile temperament. The breed has got a fairly broad and long head with a convex shape at the top in between horns. Horns are sickle-shaped and flat which grow in a downward & backward direction and then upwards at the tip forming a hook. The skin is black or brown. Surti breed has got a unique straight back. Good specimens have two white collars. Average milk production:-Ist Lactation:-1500-1600 kg; Other than Ist Lactation:- 1900–2000 kg; Fat:- 7 to 7.5%; SNF:- 9 to 9.15%; Age at Ist calving:- 45 to 47 months; Calving interval:- 400 to 425 days; Breeding period:- Seasonal (Sept. to April) V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Jafarabadi 37 V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Jafarabadi Jafarabadi buffalo is a riverine buffalo that originated in Gujarat, India.It is one of the important buffalo breeds of India and Pakistan. It is a hybrid of the African cape buffalo and the Indian waterbuffalo, the former originally been brought to British India for slaughtering. The Centre notes this to be one of the major reasons for the buffalo's poor semen quality. Jafarabadi buffaloes have heavy heads with fairly large, thick, flat horns, which drop on the sides of the neck and go on upwards till the ears. V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Nili-Ravi 39 V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Nili-Ravi The Nili-Ravi is a breed of domestic water buffalo. It is distributed principally in Pakistan and India, and is concentrated in the Punjab region. It is similar to the Murrah breed of buffalo, and is reared mainly for dairy use. The average milk yield is approximately 2000 kg per year; the record yield is 6535 kg in a lactation of 378 days. The Nili-Ravi buffalo breed has a wedge shaped body with massive frame. These animals are mostly black in color, but often have white markings on the forehead, face, muzzle and lower parts of the legs (due to which it is also called ‘Panj Kalyan‘). Their horns are small and curly and have wall eyes. The females have a larger and strong udder. Average body height of the mature males is around 135 cm for males, and around 125 cm for females. Average live body weight of the mature Nili-Ravi buffalo is around 700 kg for males and around 600 kg for females. V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Philippine Carabao 41 V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Philippine Carabao The carabao is a domestic swamp-type water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) native to the Philippines. Despite the popular notion that this bovine has been declared as the national animal of the Philippines, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts of the Philippines has stated that this is not the case as it has no basis in Philippine law. Carabaos have the low, wide, and heavy build of draught animals. They vary in colour from light grey to slate grey. The horns are sickle- shaped or curve backward toward the neck. Chevrons are common. Albinoids are present in the proportion of about 3% of the buffalo population. Mature male carabaos weigh 420–500 kg (930– 1,100 lb), and females 400–425 kg (882–937 lb). Height at withers of the male ranges from 127 to 137 cm (50 to 54 in), and of the female from 124 to 129 cm (49 to 51 in). V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Thai buffalo 43 V. Breeds of Water Buffalo Thai buffalo Thai water buffalo are wide backed and have large, protruding bellies. They have a large boned frame with long legs and a fairly long neck. The head is small in comparison to the body. Horns protrude from the head that curve out and upward. Adult water buffalo range in size from 300-600 kilograms. Buffaloes are used primarily as draught animals. Years ago in Thailand, they were used to pull bullock carts and plow rice fields. Water buffalo have strong flat hooves which enable them to walk through the sticky mud in the rice paddies. Buffalo products such are meat and milk are used as well. The water buffalo also produces copious amounts of dung which is used as fertilizer and as a fuel when dried. There are also annual water buffalo races in Chonburi and some Southern islands have water buffalo fights. VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Anglo Nubian 45 VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Anglo Nubian The Anglo-Nubian is a British breed of large lop-eared goats. It is characterised by large, pendulous ears and a convex profile. It has been exported to many parts of the world, and is found in more than sixty countries. In many of them it is known simply as the Nubian. The Anglo-Nubian is large and carries more flesh than other dairy breeds. The breed standard specifies large size, markings can be any colour, the ears are long and pendulous. The Anglo-Nubian is a dual-purpose goat. It produces on average 4.5-8% butterfat VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Toggenburg 47 VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Toggenburg The Toggenburg or Toggenburger is a Swiss breed, with its name derives from that of the Toggenburg region of the Canton of St. Gallen, where it is thought to have originated. It is among the most productive breeds of dairy goat and is distributed world-wide, in at least fifty countries in all continents. The Toggenburg is of medium size. Coat colour ranges from light brown to mouse grey, with white Swiss markings to the face, lower legs and tail area. Tassels may be present; billies and nannies may be naturally horned or polled (hornless). The Toggenburg is a highly productive dairy breed. The breed standard calls for minimum milk yield of 740 kg per lactation, with a minimum fat content of 3.56% and minimum protein content of 2.90% VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Saanen 49 VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Saanen The Saanen is a Swiss breed, with its name from the Saanental in the Bernese Oberland, in western Switzerland. It is a highly productive dairy goat and is distributed in more than eighty countries worldwide. The Saanen is the largest breed of Swiss goat: billies stand about 90 cm at the withers and weigh a minimum of 85 kg. It has white skin and a short white coat; some small pigmented areas may be tolerated. It may be horned or hornless, and tassels may be present. The profile may be straight or somewhat concave; the ears are erect and point upwards and forwards. It is the queen of all dairy goats. Average milk yield is 838 kg in a lactation of 264 days.[ The milk should have a minimum of 3.2% fat and 2.7% protein. It is not wellsuited to extensive management, and is usually raised intensively. Being pale-skinned, it does not tolerate strong sun. VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat French Alpine 51 VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat French Alpine The Alpine is a medium to large sized breed of domestic goat known for its very good milking ability. They have no set colours or markings (although certain markings are discriminated against). They have horns, a straight profile and erect ears. The breed originated in the French Alps. Mature does weigh around 61 kg (135 lbs), and are about 76 cm (30 in) tall at the shoulder. Alpine goats can range from white or gray to brownand black. Alpine goats are heavy milkers. The milk can be made into butter, cheese, soap, ice cream or any other dairy product normally made from cow's milk. They are often used for commercial dairy production, as well as homestead milk goats. VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Philippine Native Goat 53 VI. Breeds of Dairy Goat Philippine Native Goat Philippine native goats dominate the goat population in the Philippines and are raised primarily for their meat (chevon). Due to their early sexual maturity, short gestation, short kidding or reproductive intervals and lower capital requirements compared to cattle and carabaos, Philippine native goats are considered important genetic resources. However, indiscreminate crossbreeding with introduced breeds possess a serious threat which may lead to erosion of this genetic resource. The goats are small, stocky and low-set. Colors range from red, white or black or a combination of these colors. Milk production is just enough for its kids. It weighs 20 to 30 kilograms at mature age.  Chapter 4. DAIRY CATTLE REPRODUCTION  Calving interval MILK Genetics production Fertility Secondary Sex Character istic VII. Physiology of Reproduction Functions of Reproductive System Male Female 1. Produce large 1. Productive viable female germ cells (ova) numbers of viable 2. Deliver the ova to the site of fertilization (the male germ cells. oviduct) (spermatozoa) 3. Provide optimum to the site of fertilization, embryo-development implantation, and development of the fetus to term 2. Ejaculate these 4. Deliver a live, healthy calf at the end of the spermatozoa into gestation period the vagina of the 5. Deliver the afterbirth and involute the cow or, in the case reproductive tract back to normal size and of AI, into an condition so the process may be repeated artificial vagina Male reproductive system Two testes Tubular genital tract Epididymis Vas deferens Urethra Accessory sex glands Prostate Bulbourethral/ Cowper’s Vesicular Penis REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE BULL VII. Physiology of Reproduction Male Reproductive System 5-6 ml: volume of semen per ejaculate (range 2-5 ml) 2B per ml: sperm concentration (range 1-3 B) 70%: percent of motile cells (range 0-85%) 7B motile cells: average cell in an ejaculate (5 ml semen X 2B/ml X 70%) ❖ Natural service maximum fertility rates: obtained by bulls whose semen characteristics meet these average values, and contain not more than 15% abnormal sperm (head or tail abnormalities) ❖ In natural service a bull may service 50 to 100 cows per year. In AI it is not unusual for a bull to service 10,000 to 20,000 cows per year. Artificial Vagina for A.I. Artificial Insemination (processes involving bull) 1. Semen collection through artificial vagina. 2. Checking for sperm motility (at least 70%) and morphology (max.15% abnormal shapes). Discard semen if inferior quality. 3. Dilution of semen up to 10-12M sperm/mL (egg yolk-citrate/EYC, milk-based extender; glycerol if to be frozen). →1 ejaculate (5mL w/ 1.23B sperm) = 500-600 straws 4. Semen packaged in straws, ampules; stored in liquid nitrogen tank (-184 to -196 C); viable up to 15 yrs. Female reproductive system Two ovaries Tubular genital tract Two uterine (fallopian) tubes Uterus (body and cervix) Vagina, and External genitalia (vulva, labia, clitoris) Mammary glands REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE COW Ova are produced in the follicles of the ovary Ova are released from the follicle (ovulation), leaving a corpus luteum Ova are picked up by the infundibulum of the oviduct, move into the oviduct, fertilized in the oviduct. The zygote is moved into the uterine horn 4 to 6 days after fertilization, and implanted in the body of the uterus 30 to 33 days after fertilization. The embryo is carried in the uterus while developing into a full term calf. The calf is discharged through the cervix, vagina, and vulva. The development and function of the female reproductive process in the female is also under the control of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary hormones FSH and LH stimulate the development and maturation of the follicle that contains the ova. Female endocrine glands and hormones Endocrine Gland Hormone and functions Anterior pituitary gland 1. FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) – development of follicles and ova 2. LH (luteinizing hormone) – release of ova, development of corpus luteum Corpus luteum Progesterone - prepares the uterus to receive the fertilized ova and is essential in maintaining pregnancy Ovary (follicles) Estrogen - causes the animal to exhibit the symptoms of estrus (heat), and show secondary female characteristics Posterior pituitary gland Oxytocin - stimulates the uterine muscles to contract during parturition, and stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands. Time of Breeding to Obtain Optimum Conception Rates Average length of heat period is 18 hours. The time of optimum fertility of the ova is 2 to 4 hours. Ovulation time varies from 5 to 16 hours after the end of standing heat, with an average of 10 to 11 hours. Fertile life of sperm is limited to about 28 hours in the female reproductive tract. Optimum conception rates have been reported by breeding during the last one-half of the standing heat period. →If standing heat is first observed in the morning, breed in the afternoon or evening, breed the next morning.  Chapter 5. DAIRY CATTLE MANAGEMENT Breeding Management The cow comes into estrus the whole year, but chiefly in the summer. Heat or estrus lasts for about 18 hours and recurs every three weeks (estrus cycle). The period of gestation is about 9 months (ave. 283 days). These frequent periods of estrus make it possible to arrange that every cow in the herd does not calve at the same time, and that the supply of milk is more or less distributed throughout the year. To achieve this the cows-in-milk should be about 45% of dairy herd. Breeding Management Ideal Dairy Herd Optimum Make-up % Cows-in-milk 45.0 Dry cows 9.5 Bulls 0.5 Total mature stock 55.0 Heifers (above 10 mos.) 24.0 Young stock (1 ½ - 10 mos.) 13.0 Calves (