Nutrition and Immunity PDF

Nutrition and immunity Minerals and Vitamins extra stuffs Are carbohydrates digested in the stomach? No, where are they digested? First through the mouth and then the small intestine...

Nutrition and immunity Minerals and Vitamins extra stuffs Are carbohydrates digested in the stomach? No, where are they digested? First through the mouth and then the small intestine What enzyme is used to digest carbohydrates? Amylase Is amylase found in ruminants? No Where are proteins significantly digested? Stomach What is secreted in the stomach to digest protein? Pepsin and HCl Where is protein completely digested? Small intestine What is the pancreatic enzymes secreted in the small intestine? Zymogens Immune system Collection of cells that protect the body against Infection Malignancy Nutrition and immunity 1  Damaged cells Immunity reactions by an animal body to a Foreign substance What kind of foreign substance Ex: Microbes and various macro molecules Innate immunity non-specific immunity due to 2 Barriers (What are they) Physical and chemical Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity Specific immunity production Produced by Antibodies Directed against specific antigen 3 lines of defense 1st line of defense Is it specific or nonspecific? Nonspecific What does it do? Acts as a barrier and traps What is composed of it? Skin Nutrition and immunity 2  Ciliated cells Mucus membranes 2nd line of defense Specific or nonspecific? Nonspecific What does it do to the pathogens? Increases its body temperature to create an unsuitable environment for the pathogen growth What happens if your body gets injured or infected Increases blood flow and inflammation What are the white blood cells called macrophages This white blood cell engulfs pathogens Phagocytes 3rd line of defense Specific or nonspecific Specific This cell identifies the foreign “invaders” Macrophages What cell calls for help Helper T cells This cells tags the invaders with antibodies B cells Which cells destroy the invaders Nutrition and immunity 3  Killer T cells What 2 cells remember the invaders Memory T and B cells Type of immunity Innate immunity What are the 2 barriers? Physical and chemical What are the 2 phagocytes? Neutrophils and macrophages What type of process is it? Inflammatory What line of defense belongs to innate immunity? 1st and 2nd line of defense Adaptive T/F Its specific towards a particular antigen T How is adaptive immunity enhanced? Repeated exposure What line of defense belongs to adaptive immunity 3rd line of defense What are the 2 forms of this immunity? Passive and active immunity Know if passive immunity is short term or long term Short term Nutrition and immunity 4  Is maternal passive or active immunity Passive For maternal, know if the antibodies are introduced into the body or not Introduced Know if Maternal is natural or artificial. Natural Know if antibody transfer passive or active Passive Know if antibody transfer is natural or artificial Artificial What is provided in an antibody transfer Antiserum How is antibody transfer given Injections What type of transfer of immunity are for newborns Passive immunity How does the newborn receive immunity Ingesting colostrum Types of Acquired immunity What are the two types of acquired immunity? Humoral and cell mediated Nutrition and immunity 5  What mediates the humoral? B-lymphocytes What mediates the cell-mediated? T-lymphocytes What does humoral do? Act directly against pathogen-infected cells What do cell-mediated do? Generates specific pathogens which directs against invading pathogens Active immunity What is activated and produced Body’s own immune response is activated and antibodies are produced Why does it occur? Pathogen or vaccine is introduced into the body How are vaccinations made? Uses weakend pathogens What do vaccinations make the body do? Make antibodies Why are memory B cells important? They keep the antibodies on file in case a future exposure to antigen What are the two types of acquired immunity? humoral and cell-mediated antigen What is the humoral antigen mediated by? B lymphocytes What is the Cell mediated antigen mediated by? Nutrition and immunity 6  T lymphocytes What do humoral antigen do? acts directly against pathogen infected cells What do cell mediated antigens generate? Specific pathogens that are directed against invading pathogen Nutrition and Immunity Link How do nutrition interact with animal immune system? Synergistic effects and vicious cycle What primarily affects the immune function? Protein energy malnutrition Fatty acids Antioxidants What occurs in innate immunity? Imparied phagocyte function What occurs in adaptive immunity? T cells decrease in numbers and function What is the most important class of nutrients? Amino acids What are the functions of polyunsaturated fatty acids? Decreases production of inflammatory cytokines Increases response by WBC to control inflammation What is the proper ratio of omega 3 and 6 1:4 What do vitamins do? Nutrition and immunity 7  Act as a natural antioxidant Protects tissue against free radicals what is the major antioxidant in blood? Vitamin E What does vitamin E do? Protects against cells from free radicals What are the immune issues of vitamin E Loss of phagocyte responses T and B cell dysfunction Difficulty controlling viral infections Does vitamin E affect both innate and adpative immunity? Yes What do Vitamin A and Beta Carotene do? Acts as an antioxidant What do vit A and B carotene enhance? Phagocytic activity of macrophages and neutrophils What are some immune issues with Vit A and B carotene Loss of structure/function of cells on mucosal surfaces Impaired B and T ell responses Diminished function of innate immunity What does vitamin C protect cells from Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Which immunity does vitamin C improve? Both innate and adaptive immunity What vitamins act as a natural antioxidant? Vitamin A, E, C, and Beta Carotene Nutrition and immunity 8  Immune issues with vitamin C impaired collagen synthesis Impaired antioxidant performance Increases free radical production What are vitamin D’s functions? Phagocytic activity Limits inflammatory response (Promoted by T Cells) Promotes wound healing What are the immune issues with vitamin D Decrease in B cells Decrease in T cells What are the functions of selenium? Antioxidant effects and stimulates general immune response What are the immune issues with selenium? Loss of antioxidant host defense and decrease in white blood cell and natural killer cell function What are the functions of iron Aid in T cell development and generate some reactive oxygen sepceis to kill pathogens What are the immune issues with iron? Reduced phagocyte activity Impaired T cell response Reduced immunoglobulin levels What are the primary influences for minerals Phagocytic activity (macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils) Cell-mediated immunity (Enhances T cell mediated immunity) Nutrition and immunity 9  Humoral immunity (Increases antibody production) Impact on nutrition has on decrease immunity or increase disease susceptibility Why are calves deficient in K, Cu, Zn, and some other minerals? Decrease feed intake and more urinary excretion What happens when calves are deficient in selenium and copper? Decrease in humoral and cell mediated immunity Nutrition and immunity 10