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Questions and Answers
What is the role of macrophages in the immune system?
What is the role of macrophages in the immune system?
Which statement about the third line of defense in the immune system is true?
Which statement about the third line of defense in the immune system is true?
What type of immunity is characterized by its specificity toward particular antigens?
What type of immunity is characterized by its specificity toward particular antigens?
Which type of cells are responsible for remembering invaders after an infection?
Which type of cells are responsible for remembering invaders after an infection?
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Which are two barriers involved in the innate immune system?
Which are two barriers involved in the innate immune system?
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Where are carbohydrates primarily digested in the digestive system?
Where are carbohydrates primarily digested in the digestive system?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down carbohydrates?
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What is the main function of pepsin in the stomach?
What is the main function of pepsin in the stomach?
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What does the term 'innate immunity' refer to?
What does the term 'innate immunity' refer to?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the first line of defense in the immune system?
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Which of the following correctly identifies what zymogens are associated with?
Which of the following correctly identifies what zymogens are associated with?
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What is the role of antibodies in acquired (adaptive) immunity?
What is the role of antibodies in acquired (adaptive) immunity?
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Which factors contribute to the second line of defense in the immune response?
Which factors contribute to the second line of defense in the immune response?
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What mediates humoral antigens?
What mediates humoral antigens?
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Which of the following is primarily affected by protein energy malnutrition?
Which of the following is primarily affected by protein energy malnutrition?
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What is the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in immunity?
What is the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in immunity?
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What is the most important class of nutrients for immune function?
What is the most important class of nutrients for immune function?
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What major function does vitamin E serve in the immune system?
What major function does vitamin E serve in the immune system?
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What is the suggested ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids for optimal health?
What is the suggested ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids for optimal health?
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What do vitamins A and beta carotene primarily do in relation to the immune system?
What do vitamins A and beta carotene primarily do in relation to the immune system?
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What occurs in adaptive immunity when T cells are affected?
What occurs in adaptive immunity when T cells are affected?
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Study Notes
Nutrition and Immunity
- Carbohydrates are not digested in the stomach, but first in the mouth and then the small intestine.
- Amylase is the enzyme used to digest carbohydrates.
- Amylase is not found in ruminants.
- Proteins are primarily digested in the stomach.
- Pepsin and HCI are secreted in the stomach to digest proteins.
- Protein digestion is complete in the small intestine.
- Zymogens are the pancreatic enzymes secreted in the small intestine.
- The immune system is a collection of cells that protect the body against infection and malignancy.
Immunity
- Immunity is the body's reaction to foreign substances, including microbes and macro molecules.
- Innate immunity is non-specific immunity due to barriers (physical and chemical).
- Acquired immunity is specific and produced by antibodies.
- Antibodies target specific antigens.
- The 3 lines of defense are the first, second, and third lines.
- The first line of defense is non-specific and acts as a barrier (skin).
Second Line of Defense
- This line of defense is non-specific.
- It increases body temperature to inhibit pathogens.
- It increases blood flow and initiates inflammation when the body is injured or infected.
- Macrophages (white blood cells) engulf pathogens.
- These are known as phagocytes.
Third Line of Defense
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This defense mechanism is specific.
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Specific cells (macrophages) identify foreign invaders.
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Helper T cells assist other immune cells.
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B cells produce antibodies that tag the invaders.
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Killer T cells destroy the invaders.
Types of Immunity
- Innate immunity involves the body's initial response.
- The two barriers to innate immunity are physical and chemical.
- Phagocytes are neutrophils and macrophages.
- Innate immunity is characterized by an inflammatory response.
- Adaptive immunity is a specific response to a particular antigen, enhanced through repeated exposure.
- The three lines of defense include both innate and acquired (adaptive) immunity.
- Adaptive immunity involves two forms: passive and active.
- Passive immunity is short-term, while active immunity is long-term.
Passive Immunity
- Passive immunity is maternal immunity, where antibodies are introduced to the body.
- Maternal immunity can be natural or artificial.
- Antibody transfer can be passive or active, natural or artificial.
- Antibody transfer can be provided in the form of antiserum.
- Antibody transfer is administered via injections.
Types of Acquired Immunity
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Acquired immunity can be humoral or cell-mediated.
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Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies.
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Cell-mediated immunity involves the action of specific cells (e.g., T lymphocytes).
Active Immunity
- Active immunity is when the body's immune response is activated and antibodies are produced in response to a pathogen or vaccine.
- Active immunity can occur after exposure to a particular pathogen.
- Vaccinations use weakened pathogens to stimulate an active immune response.
- Vaccination causes the body to create antibodies.
Nutrition and Immunity Link
- Nutrition plays a significant role in the animal immune system through synergistic effects and a vicious cycle.
- Protein energy malnutrition negatively influences immune function.
- Antioxidants, such as Vitamin E, support immune function.
- Impaired phagocyte function is one issue in innate immunity, and impaired T cell function is detrimental to adaptive immunity.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids have an impact on inflammation.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamin C is an antioxidant and protects tissue against free radicals.
- Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant.
- Vitamin A and beta-carotene contribute to phagocytic activity.
- Vitamin C improves both innate and adaptive immunity.
- Vitamin D has phagocytic function. Promoting wound healing, limits inflammatory responses, decreases the level of B cells and T cells.
- Selenium has antioxidant effects and stimulates the general immune response.
- Iron aids in T-cell development.
- Deficiency of minerals (like K, Cu, Zn) can result in a decrease in feed intake and promote urinary excretion.
- Deficiency of selenium and copper lowers humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the digestion of carbohydrates and proteins, as well as the functionality of the immune system. This quiz covers essential concepts such as enzyme roles, the lines of defense, and differences between innate and acquired immunity. Prepare to explore the connections between nutrition and immunity.
