Emar English Series - 2023-2024 Academic Textbook - PDF

‫تم تحميل الملف بواسطة ‪ :‬بوت مكتبتي التعليمية – التجمع االتحادي‬ ‫تــم التحمـيل بواسـطـة ‪T.me/Science_2022bot :‬‬ ‫انقر هنا للوصول إلى (بوت مكتبتي التعليمية)‬ ‫وهي عبارة عن مكتبة إلكترونية تعليمية شاملة لغالبية ملفات المراحل‬ ‫الدراسية‪.‬‬ ‫مدعوم بواسطة ‪ :‬التجمع االتحادي لطلبة سورية‬ ‫‪Telegram : @Science_2022bot‬‬ ‫✯‬ ‫الجمهوريّة العربيّة السوريّة‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫وزارةُ التّربية‬ ‫المرك ُز الوطن ّي لتطوي ِر المناهج التّربويّة‬ ‫‪Emar‬‬ ‫‪English Series‬‬ ‫‪Scientific Section‬‬ ‫‪2023 - 2024‬‬ ‫طبع أول مرة للعام الدراسي ‪2022 - 2021‬‬ ‫اإلشراف العام‬ ‫األستاذ الدكتور دارم طباع ‪ -‬وزير التربية‬ ‫الدكتور عبد احلكيم احلماد ‪ -‬معاون وزير التربية‬ ‫األستاذ الدكتور غياث بركات ‪ -‬جامعة دمشق ‪ -‬قسم اللغة اإلنكليزية‬ ‫الدكتورة نــاديــا الغزولي ‪ -‬مديرة املركز الوطني لتطوير املناهج التربوية‬ ‫علي داسم عبود ‪ -‬مدير املؤسسة العامة للطباعة‬ ‫املثنى خضور ‪ -‬مدير التوجيه‬ ‫التأليف‬ ‫باسل صادق‬ ‫أمجد جتور‬ ‫كرمي قصاب‬ ‫أميمة شربا‬ ‫حسام جرجنازي‬ ‫بشار أبو رافع‬ ‫إبراهيم إبراهيم‬ ‫عدنان قاسم‬ ‫حنان قنطقجي‬ ‫حسام احملمود‬ ‫والء الصفير‬ ‫مازن عبد الكرمي‬ ‫لوسيا كرمي‬ ‫اإلشراف على التقييم والتدقيق العلمي‬ ‫د‪.‬منيرة حمد‬ ‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪.‬علي اللحام‬ ‫التقييم والتدقيق العلمي‬ ‫د‪.‬دميا فرحت‬ ‫أ‪.‬دمية بلوق‬ ‫أ‪.‬بشار عباس‬ ‫أ‪.‬رشا عيروط‬ ‫أ‪.‬رندة كوكاش‬ ‫القراءة واملراجعة‬ ‫عبد املاجد أوغرلي‬ ‫عال داود آغا‬ ‫شهرزاد الفراتي‬ ‫لينا الذياب‬ ‫متابعة التصميم واإلخراج الفني والرسومات‬ ‫تغريد األزروني‬ ‫د‪.‬أحمد علي‬ ‫والء الصفري‬ ‫باسل صادق‬ ‫اإلشــــراف الفـني‪ :‬م‪.‬عماد الدين برما‬ ‫ناديا شاكر‬ ‫اإلخراج الفني‪ :‬هشام احللبي‬ Welcome to Emar Emar is a high level course that will help students raise their English and build confidence in speaking, listening, reading and writing. It is based on the widely accepted theory of language competence proposed by the Council of Europe: the “Common European Framework of Reference”, (CEFR) that is interested in teaching languages as a foreign language. The book is also based on the national standards of the Ministry of Education in the Syrian Arab Republic. The course combines the best in current methodology with special new features designed to bridge the gap between the classroom and the real world. The standards that focus on the content are essential for preparing students to be productive citizens, while critical thinking, enquiry and reasoning are emphasized to ensure that students develop the ability to work creatively, think analytically and solve problems. To take students further, Emar, emphasizes new and advanced grammar and vocabulary, listening and reading texts on more challenging topics, academic writing activities, and thought-provoking discussions. Unit Features Preview aims to introduce the lesson and helps the student to get involved in the topic of the study unit and links it to previous experiences. Reading presents a variety of text types based on real-life situations, practices a range of reading skills, promotes discussions and critical thinking, and works as models for the learner’s own written work. Grammar topics are explained simply and clearly and give students opportunity to practice. Vocabulary includes phrasal verbs, prefixes and suffixes, idioms, prepositions and derivatives. It helps support all four language skills. Listening activities develop skills such as listening for main ideas, making inferences, and note taking. Speaking activities include discussions, surveys, quizzes, role plays, and more. These are pair or group-work activities that ask students to expand on what they have learned. Writing builds academic writing skills step by step and gives clear explanations for each task. Pronunciation introduces students to the basics in phonetics and phonology. Everyday English focuses on a variety of functions and situations of language. Each unit introduces students to a real life situation to practise a specific language function. Reviews and Progress Tests after every four units include additional activities which show what students know and what needs more practice. Appendixes at the back of the Workbook give students tips about writing skills. They also include a table of irregular verbs. Components: Student’s Book Authors Workbook Audio CD Teacher’s Book Contents Module 1 Learning for Life Page Unit 1 Life Choices 10 Unit 2 Success 19 Module 2 Sciences Page Unit 3 Medicine 28 Unit 4 Engineering 39 Module 3 Politics Page Unit 5 Civil Rights 54 Unit 6 United Nations 61 Module 4 Biology Page Unit 7 Microorganism 68 Unit 8 Facts about Human Body 67 Module 5 Culture Page Unit 9 Citizenship 90 Unit 10 Culture Shock 99 Module 6 Technology Page Unit 11 Artificial Intelligence 110 Unit 12 Digital Literacy 118 Module 1 Learning for Life Topics Skills Sub-Skills Everyday English Unit 1 Reading: Future Career Vocabulary: Word Giving advice Writing: A description of a family and phrasal Life dream job verbs Choices Listening: Listening for Grammar: Revision specific information of tenses 1 Speaking: Talking about Pronunciation: jobs Homophones Unit 2 Reading: Stop Wishing Vocabulary: Success Congratulating and Start Doing idioms expressing sympathy Success Writing: An article about a Grammar: Revision personal experience of tenses 2 Listening: Listening for Pronunciation: ed- specific information pronunciation Speaking: Discussing ideas and opinions Module 2 Sciences Topics Skills Sub-Skills Everyday English Unit 3 Reading: History of Vocabulary: Medical Asking for Medicine words information Medicine Writing: A composition Grammar: Passive about healthcare in Syria voice Listening: Listening for Pronunciation: specific information Emphatic stress Speaking: Traditional and alternative medicine Unit 4 Reading: History of Vocabulary: Hesitation and Engineering Phrasal verbs and uncertainty Engineering Writing: An article about prepositions of the role of engineering in movement our life Grammar: Causative Listening: Listening for Pronunciation: details Elision Speaking: Asking for and giving information Module 3 Politics Topics Skills Sub-Skills Everyday English Unit 5 Reading: Civil Rights Vocabulary: Law Complaints and Writing: An article about idioms apologies Civil Rights rights and duties Grammar: Relative Listening: Listening clauses for gist and general Pronunciation: understanding Voiced and voiceless Speaking: Discussing consonants opinions Unit 6 Reading: History of the Vocabulary: Prefixes Modesty United Nations Grammar: Future United Nations Writing: A magazine forms article about students' Pronunciation: rights and duties at school Word stress with Listening: Listening for different syllables general understanding Speaking: Giving opinions Module 4 Biology Topics Skills Sub-Skills Everyday English Unit 7 Reading: Viruses and Vocabulary: Verb- On the phone Terms Bacteria noun collocations Writing: A composition Grammar: Microorganism about environmental Conditionals II , III health Pronunciation: Listening: Listening for Silent letters specific information Speaking: Discussing issues Unit 8 Reading: Human Body Vocabulary: Asking for help Writing: An online Body idioms Facts about Human Body message Grammar: Listening: Listening for Expressing wishes details Pronunciation: Syllable stress Speaking: Asking for and giving information Module 5 Culture Topics Skills Sub-Skills Everyday English Unit 9 Reading: Citizenship Vocabulary: Accepting and Writing: An article about Adjectives followed by declining offers Citizenship what makes a good prepositions and word citizen family Listening: Listening for Grammar: Paired specific information conjunctions Pronunciation: Speaking: Expressing Homographs opinions Unit 10 Reading: Culture Shock Vocabulary: Idioms Expressing surprise Writing: Formal / around the world Culture Shock informal emails Grammar: Modals Listening: Listening for Pronunciation: specific information Question intonation Speaking: Asking for and giving advice Module 6 Technology Topics Skills Sub-Skills Everyday English Unit 11 Reading: Artificial Vocabulary: Being tactful Intelligence Common verbs Artificial Writing: A composition in science and Intelligence about uses of artificial technology intelligence Grammar: Listening: Listening for Reported Speech specific information Pronunciation: Speaking: Discussing Strong and weak opinions forms of auxiliary verbs Unit 12 Reading: E-government Vocabulary: Asking for giving Writing: A composition Phrasal verbs and refusing Digital about using the Internet in Grammar: permission Literacy learning Inversion Listening: Listening for Pronunciation: general understanding Sound linking Speaking: Asking for and giving information Unit 1 Life Choices Listening: Listening for specific information Grammar: Revision of tenses 1 Speaking: Talking about jobs Pronunciation: Homophones Vocabulary: Word family and Reading: Future Career phrasal verbs Writing: A description of a dream job Everyday English: Giving advice Preview a Discuss these questions with your partner. 1 What was your dream job as a child? 2 What attracts you to this job? 3 Who inspired you to choose it? 4 What do you hope to accomplish through your future job? 10 What kind of job is right for you? Somewhat Agree Disagree Agree 1 I’d like to work in a company.    2 I can’t enjoy a job unless it is quite challenging.    3 I prefer working with other people to working alone.    4 I’d be happier with a job that has regular hours.    5 A position with power and status is attractive to me.    6 I wouldn’t like a job with too much responsibility.    7 I want a job that allows me to contribute to society.    8 My main motivation for working is to make money.    9 I’d prefer to work part time instead of full time.    10 I’d prefer to work full time instead of part time.    b Complete the survey above by ticking () the boxes that apply to you. Then discuss the following questions with a partner. 1 What kinds of jobs are most popular for graduates in your country at the moment? 2 What jobs in your country are considered to be good jobs? Why? Reading Not all people have the ability to explore their future and build it with more confidence and clarity. Most studies have highlighted the role of parents as active agents in the career development of their children. Parents want their children to opt for a career they know well about, but what their children want or 1 aspire to become can be completely different. Many parents said they had misguided their children into choosing a career of their choice. It is very important not to 2burden our children with unreal expectations. There are a few factors that are of great 11 importance in the career selection process. The child’s 3aptitude is a mirror of his/her personality, strengths, and weaknesses. Hence, a designed aptitude test can reveal a lot of information regarding the child that can help in taking a well-informed career selection. It is very difficult to spend your life working in a field that you are not interested in. Courses leading towards a desired career should be found easily for the young to enable them to make right decisions about their future. Psychologists said that it was very easy for a child to get 4swayed by peer pressure into choosing a career that the majority was opting rather than the one which was best for him/her. Although it should not be the most important, 5remuneration of a career holds value in one’s life; nobody likes to earn little. A job’s earnings should match the child’s aspirations and provide a satisfying comfortable life. Modern societies need professionals in every field: utility workers, garbage collectors, farmers, nurses, doctors, engineers, teachers, professors and many others. Furthermore, 6demotivation might have a negative impact on the child’s mental health when rejecting all of his/her ideas. Parents can work together to gather information about a career and then help the child in deciding whether it is suitable or not. Most people have dreams of future jobs and there’s no limit to what this could be, but we can't be absolutely certain about our career choices. Researchers told us that through self-reflection and guided activities, we would find our core values and a clearer path towards the right career. a Read the text and answer the following questions. 1 How do most parents nowadays guide their children to choose their future career? 2 Do you think parents follow the right strategy? Why? 3 What factors should be taken into consideration to decide a future career? 4 What is the influence of peers on children? 5 How can demotivation affect the child's character? 6 What do researchers recommend to choose our future career? b Look at the highlighted words. In pairs, choose the right meaning, a or b. 1 a seek to attain a goal b advance 2 a reduce b load 3 a quality b natural ability or skill 4 a influenced b lost 5 a money paid for work or services b an amount of money given to someone as a debt 6 a making someone more eager or willing to do their job b making someone less eager or willing to do their job 12 c Complete the following sentences with words from the article. 1 Parents play a vital ………………. in the career development of their children. 2 Parents should study very well the ………………. of their children to decide their future career. 3 There should be leading ………………. to help children choose the best job for them in the future. 4 Nowadays, most people encourage their children to choose their future profession based on the ………………. that profession brings to them. Vocabulary Word Family and Phrasal Verbs a Complete these sentences with the correct form of the words in brackets. 1 Individuals have.……………. dreams in their day-to-day existence. (vary) 2 Everyone endeavours a great deal to make dreams a.…………….. (real) 3 Future plans and.……………. s have a great importance in a person’s life. (decide) 4 Gaining your boss confidence is really a great.……………... ( accomplish) 5 I went to a counselor for.……………. on my career. (guide) b Underline the phrasal verbs in these sentences, then match each one with its meaning below. 1 The rich have to reach out to the poor. 2 She didn’t really fit in with her workmates in her previous job. 3 I got into writing when I was a kid, and I just never stopped loving it. 4 We’ve been talking about this project for a while, and it’s time to follow it through. 5 If you run into any trouble, just give me a call. 6 A big part of my job is keeping up with the latest research in medical technology. a be accepted by other people in a group b encounter problems or difficulties unexpectedly c start something and finish it in a satisfactory way d start to become interested in something. e stay updated and informed about something f offer help and support to someone 13 Pronunciation Homophones What are homophones? Homophones are words that have the same pronounciation but different meanings and spellings. Choose the correct word between brackets. 1 Which (way / weigh) should we use to (way / weigh) the goods? 2 No one knows (weather / whether) the (weather / whether) will be fine tomorrow. 3 The cyclist (road / rode) his bike and set off quickly on the (road / rode). 4 The man is enjoying his time with his (son / sun) on the beach under the (son / sun). 5 I only (eight/ ate) a sandwich at (eight / ate) before I went to bed. 6 The teacher asked the students to (right / write) down the (right / write) answer. 7 We usually (by/ buy) our food from a shop (by / buy) the corner. 8 I wanted to sit (here / hear) to be able to (here / hear) the speech well. Grammar Revision of Tenses 1 a Tom is on holiday in Egypt with his wife, Jane, and their children, John and Sally. He’s emailing their eldest child, Simon, who is at home in England. If the Present Continuous form is correct, put a tick . If it’s wrong, either change the spelling or change it to the Present Simple as necessary. Simon Holiday Hi, How are you geting.………… We think it’s great here. getting on, Simon? We’re thinking.………… Everyone is having.…  a good time. I’m siting.……………. in the Nile Hotel. John (1) is swimming.……………. in the pool. Sally is lying (3).……………. in the sun, and (2) Jane is shopping! (4).…………….. We’re liking (5).……………. Egypt. We’re all relaxing. (6).…………….What are you doing? Are you working hard (7).……………. at the moment? I’m knowning (8).……………. your exams start tomorrow. Good luck! Is it raining (9).……………. in England? The sun is shining (10).……………. here, of course! I’m learning (11).……………. a bit of Arabic, but not very much. I’m understanding (12).……………. some of the things that people say, but only if I repeat them many times. Hope to hear from you soon! 14 b Complete the dialogues from the information in the box. Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Present Perfect Continuous. Activity Now Jane sweep the floors She is sweating. George cut the grass He is tired. Rachel do the washing-up She has soft hands. Mike peel the onions He has red eyes. Tom defrost the fridge He has cold hands. Jane, why are you sweating? Because I have been sweeping the floors. Is the lawn finished? Yes, George has cut the grass. 11 Rachel, why are your hands so soft? Because I …………………………..………………... 22 Are the onions ready for the pan? Yes, Mike ……………………………………… them. 33 George, you look tired. Yes, I ………………………………..………………... 44 Tom, your hands are very cold. Yes, I ………………………………..………………... 55 Are the floors clean? Yes, Jane …………………………..…….…….. them. 66 Why are your eyes red, Mike? Because I ……………………………………………... 77 Are the plates clean? Yes, Rachel …………………………………………... 88 Is the fridge all right now? Yes, Tom ……………………………………………... c Complete the dialogues using the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. 11 A I saw (see) Jack last night. B Oh really. I (1) ……………………… (not / see) him for months. How is he? 22 A (2) …………………………….. (you/ ever/ win) a competition? B Yes, I (3) …………………………….. (win) a writing competition in 2006. 33 A Is that a new tab? B Yes, I (4)…………………………. (just / buy) it. 15 44 A How long (5) …………………………. (you / use) a computer? B I’ve been using a computer for at least three years. Maybe longer. 55 A So, Jack is your best friend. (6) ………………………… (you/ meet) him when you were at university? B Yes, we (7) …………………………….. (be) friends for more than ten years. d In pairs, read the dialogues again and underline two examples of the Present Perfect and two of the Past Simple. Then answer the questions. Which form of the verb do we use for ……? 11 a completed action in the past 22 things which started in the past and are true now 33 recent actions when we don’t say exactly when 44 recent actions when we say exactly when Everyday English Giving Advice Accepting the advice Giving advice Hesitating completely If I were you...... That’s true. I haven’t Maybe you’re right, You’d better.... thought about that but.... You should.... before. Well, you see.... Try to.... OK. I can do that. I’m not sure. Maybe I Instead of... you can… Yes, you’re right. I’ll could.... do that. I’m not sure if this is Of course! I should’ve the best thing to do thought about that. now. Now, work with a partner to create a conversation with these situations using the expressions above. 11 Your friend is a heavy smoker. Try to give him advice to quit smoking. 22 Your cousin is travelling to England to study there. But he doesn’t speak English well. Give him some advice to improve his English. 33 Your sister has an important event to go to the next holiday and she can’t miss her class / work. 16 Listening a Answer the following questions in pairs. 1 If you had the chance to spend a year working or studying in another country, which country would you choose? Why? 2 What things would you like to do there? 3 What kind of problems do you think you might face? b R1.1 Now listen to an interview with Sofia and answer the questions. 1 Why did she choose Damascus? 2 Why did she want to take a year off? 3 Who is Salma? 4 Why does Sofia think Arabic is a difficult language? 5 How long has Sofia been teaching dancing? 6 How do her students feel about her? 7 What does she like most about living in Damascus? c Compare your answers with a partner. Then listen again to check. Speaking a Discuss the following questions with a partner. 1 What do your parents do? 2 What are some jobs you think would be boring/fun/interesting/ dangerous? 3 What types of interviews have you heard of or have gone through? Which are common in your country? 4 What should /shouldn't you do during a job interview? b In a game (Guess my job!) each student describes a job and his partner tries to guess what the job is. The student who guesses correctly is awarded points. 17 Writing Life is a matter of choices, and every choice you make makes you. John C. Maxwell a Do you agree with this quote? Discuss with your partner. b In no more than 100 words, write a composition in which you describe the job you want after graduation. What kind of challenges do you expect to face in your future career? Include the following in your composition: Job requirements Your needs Expectations Beliefs and knowledge c Check spelling, grammar and punctuation. Exchange compositions with a partner and share more thoughts and ideas. 18 Unit 2 Success Listening: Listening for specific information Grammar: Revision of tenses 2 Speaking: Discussing ideas and opinions Pronunciation: ed-pronunciation Reading: Stop Wishing Start Doing Vocabulary: Success idioms Writing: An article about a personal experience Everyday English: Congratulating and expressing sympathy Preview a Choose the best answer a or b that represents the letters of the word 'SUCCESS'. b What does the word 'SUCCESS' mean to you? c Think of dreams you had when you were a child. Did you achieve them? Why? Why not? 19 Reading “The way to get started is to quit talking and begin “Opportunities don’t happen. doing.” You create them.” Walt Disney Chris Grosser “Success is “Try not to become a walking from man of success. Rather failure to failure become a man of value.” with no loss of Albert Einstein enthusiasm.” Winston Churchill a Before you read, answer the following questions. 1 Read the quotes above about success and discuss them with your partner. What does each one mean? Use your own words. 2 What do you think the secret of success is? b Read the text and put the phrases A-H in the correct place. A a successful person must be rich B brings you closer at jet speed C in which playing to win matters D accomplish your goals E it would be preparation F through repetition or experience G to build up confidence and become successful H which is achievable Success is no accident. It is hard work, perseverance, learning, studying, sacrifice and most of all, love of what you are doing or learning to do. Success, by definition, means to 1 accomplish your goals. Some people define success by measures such as wealth, position or status and one’s capabilities. It is also believed by many people that 2 __________________________, but in many cases, money cannot buy you success. In fact, there are some factors which help us be successful. 20 Start by setting your goals. Having a goal is an essential thing, but it should be a smart goal 3 __________________________. It requires to stretch your capabilities and to stay committed and remind yourself that it is not the end of the road. One step more, if there was only one secret to success, 4 __________________________. It will set you in the best position to execute the task with the least difficulty. Timing also is a crucial ingredient to success. The only method of obtaining good timing is 5 __________________________. Furthermore, one needs confidence to be successful. He has to start with smaller tasks that have a higher chance of success to build up confidence. Parents should help their young children 6 __________________________ and happy in their life. They should discover at an early age the talents of their children and help them to grow their gift and take care of their needs and interests. Actions are louder than words. When you take action, you trigger all kinds of things that will inevitably carry you to success. Every step taken by you in the direction of your dreams and goals 7 __________________________. Nothing happens until you take action. To be successful, you have to do what successful people do. All highly successful people are highly action-oriented people. It is said: “Success is 10% inspiration and 90 % perspiration.” The golden rule to achieve success is to keep learning. These are three dangerous words: “I know that.” If you have read or heard about something, you do not know. If you are not rich and successful the way you want, then you do not know. Become a ‘learn it all’ rather than ‘know it all’. Finally, it is significant to know that things do not just happen to your benefit by themselves; you must work hard to make them happen. Life is like a game 8__________________________ more than playing not to lose. 21 c Read the text again, then match the highlighted words with their meanings. 1 certain to happen and cannot be avoided 2 when you decide not to have something valuable in order to get something that is more important 3 to initiate or activate something 4 hard work 5 determination to keep trying to achieve something in spite of difficulties d In your words, explain what you understand from the quote in bold in the text. Vocabulary Success Idioms Replace the underlined phrases with the correct form of the suitable idiom in the box. back the wrong horse - ace a test - join the ranks of - on a roll - to be dead in the water 1 His efforts didn’t work at all; there is a little hope for his project to be successful in the future. 2 “If you get a high score on your math test, you can go to the party,” said her parents. 3 I think we are making a lot of progress. Our team has won ten out of our twelve matches this season. 4 Don’t support someone you know he always fails. I think he will lose the match. 5 Thousands of young people become part of the unemployed each summer when they leave school. Pronunciation -ed Pronunciation R2.1 Listen to the following past form verbs and how the last sound of the -ed is pronounced. Classify them according to each column. helped believed finished ended missed wanted educated ordered washed called needed realized /t/ /d/ /id/........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22 Grammar Revision of Tenses 2 a Look at the underlined verbs in these sentences. Answer the questions below. 1 A few weeks ago, a woman called to report a robbery at her house. 2 It happened at four in the afternoon when she was watching news on TV. 3 The burglar came in through the front door, picked up the woman’s handbag, emptied it out and stole her purse. 4 Times were hard and the family had been struggling for some time. 5 When she came into the room, the burglar had already left. Which sentence provides a background scene about an action? Which sentence talks about a single completed action in the past? Which sentence describes a series of completed actions in the past? Which sentence shows that the second event the speaker mentioned actually happened first? Which sentence focuses on how long an activity continued? b Suzan's husband is missing. A policeman is interviewing her about last Saturday afternoon. Complete the conversation using the Past Simple or the Past Continuous of the words in brackets. Policeman: What time did you wake up (you / wake up)? Suzan: At about ten o’clock. Policeman: And what ………………………….. (you / do) after you woke up? Suzan: I watched news on TV. Policeman: Did anything happen while ……………………… (you / watch) TV? Suzan: Yes, the phone ……………………… (ring). Policeman: What ………………… (you / do) when your husband came home? Suzan: I ……………….. (prepare) lunch when he came. Policeman: Did you and your husband stay at home on that day? Suzan: No, We …………………… (drink) coffee. Then, I ………………… (put on) my raincoat, and we ……………… (go out) at six o’clock. Policeman: Why …………………… (you / put) your raincoat on? Suzan: Because it ……………………… (rain), of course. 23 c Fill in the gaps with a verb from the box in the Past Simple, Past Perfect Simple or Past Perfect Continuous. buy discuss develop not take make feel work 1 She …………………….. as a waitress for three years when he met her. 2 He …………………….. all the ingredients he needed from the supermarket and then went home to make her birthday cake. 3 Henry did very well in his exams, which was a shock because he ……………… an exam before. 4 Scientists announced the launch of the new drug last week. They ……………… it for five years. 5 By the time I got to the meeting they …………………….. the important issues and they …………………….. the big decisions without me. I ………………….. annoyed that they hadn’t waited for me. Everyday English Congratulating and Expressing Sympathy Some expressions are used in both formal and informal situations to congratulate somebody on an achievement or to express sympathy. I’m sorry about what happened. Congratulations! You mustn’t let this depress you. We are proud of you. I’m sure this won’t happen again. You really deserve this honour. I have no doubt that you’ll do Very well done! Keep it up. much better next time. Make an appropriate response for each situation using the expressions and phrases from the table. 1 Your school team has won the final in a football competition in your area. 2 You are in hospital visiting a friend who has broken his leg. 3 Your little brother has got low marks in the exam. 4 Your father has got a new promotion at work. 24 Listening a You’re going to hear Mr. Faisal talking on a programme about how to succeed at learning to do something new. Before you listen, match these phrasal verbs with their meanings. 1 I want to take up diving. It’s an adventurous sport. 2 I’m going to give up learning Chinese because it’s too difficult. 3 If I like this job, I’ll carry on next year. a stop, abandon b continue c start something new b R2.2 Read these seven tips. Now listen to the programme. Tick () the five things Mr. Faisal says. 1 Be realistic when you choose to do something. 2 You should always take up a new activity at the beginning of the year. 3 If you’re not good at one sport, it doesn’t mean you’ll be bad at all sports. 4 Keep trying and don’t give up an activity before you’ve given it a good chance. 5 Don’t think you’re going to be the best in the world when learning something new. 6 You should always take up a new activity with a close friend. 7 Learning something new enables you to meet new people. c R2.2 Listen again. Add two more tips to Mr. Faisal’s talk. d Do you think fears lead to failure and limit your success? Speaking Discuss these questions with a partner. 1 Were there any failures that made your life better? Mention them. 2 Do you think being optimistic is important for success? Why? 3 What does the writer mean in his saying below? “There is only one thing that makes a dream impossible to achieve: the fear of failure.” 25 Writing “Only those who dare to fail greatly can ever achieve greatly” Robert F. Kennedy a Read the quote above. Discuss these questions with your partner. 1 Do you agree with the writer? 2 Can failure be a teacher? 3 How do you deal with failure? b Write a composition of no more than 100 words about a personal experience in which you failed but then you could achieve your target. Include the following: Name the problem Steps you followed to help you Getting help from others if any Advice to people of your own age c Check your composition for grammar, spelling, and punctuation mistakes. 26 Unit 3 Medicine Listening: Listening for specific information Grammar: Passive Voice Speaking: Traditional and alternative medicine Pronunciation: Emphatic Stress Vocabulary: Medical words Reading: History of Medicine Everyday English: Asking for Writing: A composition about healthcare in Syria information Preview In small groups, discuss the following questions. 1 What do you know about Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Razi? 2 How did people in the past use to cure illnesses? 3 What kind(s) of medical treatments still exist nowadays? 4 Why has the number of some dangerous diseases reduced in the recent years? 28 Reading History of Medicine Throughout history, various societies and cultures have developed different views in their approach to illnesses and diseases. One of the most important periods in the development of medicine at all, especially medieval medicine, which lasted from the 9th to the 13th century, is called “ the Golden Age of Arabic Medicine”. The books of Arabic science that came about in this period are not only by Muslim authors, because Arab civilization is the result of consecutive and continuous efforts of various nations, regardless of the religion, race and colour of the skin, who lived and produced in the Arab region. In ancient times, people used to cure sickness by using plants, herbs and other materials. In countries such as Egypt, Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia, India and China, medicine was magical and mythological and diseases were attributed mostly to the supernatural forces. Thus, before hospitals developed, patients were treated mostly in temples. The practice of medicine during the Middle Ages was empirical; it focused mainly on curing illnesses rather than discovering their causes. At that time, cures continued to be a mixture of superstitions, religion, herbal remedies, bleeding and purging; people were bled to reduce inflammation which was then thought to be the root of all diseases. Moreover, medical schools were established, but most people never saw a doctor because of the high-cost treatments. Instead, patients 29 were treated by local wise people who were skilled in the use of herbs, or by priests, or barbers. Around the 16th century, medicine witnessed groundbreaking developments such as vaccination, human anatomy, surgery and microbiology. Modern medicine started to emerge in the late 18th century and therefore, there were many improvements on medical tools and machines, especially after the Industrial Revolution. In the 1800s, physicians learned that illnesses were caused by germs and hospitals began to focus on keeping clean to keep germs away. As a result, nursing came to be thought of as a respectable job. The 20th century was characterised by new biological treatments such as antibiotics in addition to advancement in chemistry, genetics and radiography. Arabic medicine has made a major contribution to the development of pharmacy. It is logical for doctors to discover new drugs while looking for ways to treat their patients. They wrote about them in booklets about the history of the disease called “al-Mujarrabat”. Subsequently, good and lesser known drugs were extracted from it. Physicians have tried to use simple medicines to determine the exact effect of the entered component into the disease. Still, some doctors have prescribed and combined the medications that they themselves formulated. Today healthcare isn't just about doctors; nurses, physical therapists and technicians are all part of a large health care system that helps to keep people healthy. Modern medicine is characterised by surgeries, the use of radiation, microscopy, research and analysis in the detection of disease or ailment by using modern technological tools. Due to the rapid advance of technology, it is certain that medicine will continue to develop in ways we have yet to imagine. a In pairs, try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words. Then match them with their definitions below. 1 a response of body tissues to injury of the body ……….……. 2 the act of eliminating contamination or removing bad ……….……. thoughts; a purification ……….……. 3 connected with ancient myths or stories 4 people who have been trained to give a particular form ……….……. of treatment for physical or mental illness 30 5 based on experience rather than ideas ……….……. 6 following one another without any interruptions ……….……. 7 the scientific study of the structure of the body ……….……. 8 medicines that cure a disease ……….……. b Read the text and answer the questions. 1 Why did ancient "medicine people" tend to treat their patients in temples? 2 Why didn't most medieval Europeans visit medical schools to receive treatment? 3 Who were most patients treated by in the middle ages? 4 What developments did medicine experience in the 16th century? 5 What did the Industrial Revolution contribute to medicine? 6 When did the role of nursing begin to develop? 7 What was “al-Mujarrabat” about? 8 In your opinion, how would medicine be like in the future? Tell the class. c Complete the following sentences with information from the text. 1 The books of Arabic science are not only by Muslim authors, but also ………………………………………………………………. 2 In ancient times, medicine in Egypt and Mesopotamia was related to ………………………………………………………………. 3 Medical physicians used bleeding as a successful remedy to ………………………………………………………………. 4 Medicine will continue to develop as a result of ………………………………………………………………. Vocabulary Medical Words and Idioms a Replace the words in italics in 1-6 with the correct form of the medical idioms in the box. a taste of one's own medicine at death's door on the mend take a turn for the worse go under the knife just what the doctor ordered 1 After a long season of hard work, getting on extra week off is what is needed. 2 My uncle got sicker suddenly last night, so we are heading to the hospital to see him. 3 It was miraculous that the little girl fully recovered because she was very close to death with sepsis and pneumonia. 4 I don't understand how people have a surgery for really risky cosmetic procedures. 31 5 We were so happy to hear that your father is back home now and becoming well again. 6 I used to write rude comments on Instagram, but I got treated badly when I created my own account. b Write the appropriate medical specialist word that suits each description. dermatologist cardiologist allergist naturopath pediatrician ophthalmologist 1 …………………… specialises in determining food and environmental allergies. 2 …………………… is a heart specialist. 3 …………………… treats skin diseases. 4 …………………… specialises in natural cures and remedies. 5 …………………… is a specialist for babies and children. 6 …………………… specialises in eye diseases. c Use the appropriate medical specialist word from exercise (b) above to fill in the gaps. 1 Children who have an allergic reaction after the first shot should be referred to a /an …………….. before continuing with the DTP vaccine. 2 If that itchy rash doesn't go away, you should go to a …………….. 3 Our …………….. recommended that little Kathy should have her tonsils out. 4 Dr. Rashed, Leila's ……………., came in and noted that her blood pressure and pulse were very high. 5 My father says everything looks blurry, so he is going to the ……………. to get his eyes checked. 6 Robert is an accredited ……………. with herbal medicine and nutritional training. Pronunciation Emphatic Stress When we want to emphasise certain information in a sentence, we stress that part. (Note: we usually stress the key words in sentences such as: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. 32 a R3.1 Listen to this sentence. The stress can go on four different parts. We need to be at the meeting at four o’clock.     The different stresses change the meaning. b Match the meanings below to the stress points 1, 2 ,3 and 4. The meeting is at four, not five.............. You and I have to be there at four, but the others don’t.............. We need to be at the meeting, so we must arrive at the building earlier.............. The meeting is at four not the match.............. c R3.2 Listen to the following sentences. Mark the main stress, then choose the correct ending of each sentence. 1 I live at number 11 Johnson Street,............. a … not my brother. b … not number 12. c … not Oxford Street. 2 Alison used to be a singer,............. a... not a piano player. b … but she isn’t now. c... not Mike. 3 The news is on Channel 1 now,............. a … not later. b … not the film. c … not Channel 3. Grammar Passive Voice a Read the story. Underline an example of the present passive, the past passive, the present perfect passive, the present continuous passive and the future passive. How do you form the passive? A local jewellery shop was broken into by someone yesterday. The shop had just been locked up by the owner when he was threatened by a robber with a gun. He was told by the robber to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then he was tied up by the robber. A search has been organized by the police for the robber. It’s hoped he will be found in a few days. The owner of the shop is being treated by doctors for shock. 33 b Fill in the gaps with the correct passive forms of the verbs in brackets. 1 I'm sorry this office is so dirty, but it …………. (can’t / clean) until tomorrow morning. 2 These clothes……………. (design) for daily use, so you can wear them wherever you want. 3 Many offices of large companies …..……. (build) in the town centre recently. 4 All the goods that were purchased yesterday have defects, so they ……………. (send) back to the manufacturer right now. 5 Camera footage shows that illegal goods ……………. (smuggle) into the warehouse last week. 6 The poor bird ……………. (capture) and all its efforts to escape from the trap were in vain. 7 The hotel near our office was closed because it ………………. (renovate) by the owner. 8 Your car is a death trap. It ……………… (should / send) to the scrap years ago. c Change the following sentences into passive. 1 My neighbour disappeared six months ago. I haven't seen him since then. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 The organizers will exhibit the paintings till the end of the month. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Police officers were examining the evidence when the lights went out. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 The committee asked me some difficult questions in the interview yesterday. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Sami's parents must have brought him up to be more polite. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Before the interview, the owner had already offered me the job at his bank. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 Everyday English Asking for Information a R3.3 Read and listen to the following dialogue. A: Can you tell me how much a sightseeing tour costs, please? B: Certainly! The half-day trip is 10.000 SPY. A: And when does the boat leave? B: There are departures at 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. every day. A: Is it necessary to book in advance? B: Well, the boats are always very popular on fine days. A: What happens if the weather’s bad? B: Well, if it’s really rough, of course we cancel the trip. A: What’s the weather going to be like next Saturday? B: I’m afraid I really don’t know. Why not take a chance! b In pairs, make a similar dialogue about one of the situations below using the expressions and phrases in bold. 1 You have to send a parcel to your home town urgently. Ask about the way to the Post Office. 2 Now you are in the Post Office. Ask the clerk what you must do, how much it will cost, how long it will take. 3 Now you are at Al-Kabbani Theatre in Damascus. Ask for all the information you need about the weekend’s play. 35 Listening a Before you listen, use your dictionary to match the following vocabulary to their definitions. 1 intern a being on your own and separated from others b when people have to stay where they are and can't 2 lockdown move freely due to a risk c staying away from other people to stop a disease 3 social distancing spread 4 doubt shifts d a doctor who is still training and working in a hospital 5 isolation e someone who does a job essential for society f when the period of time that you work is twice as 6 key worker long as usual b Listen to Lucy talking about her experience at time of COVID-19, and R3.4 decide whether these statements are True or False. 1 Lucy works and lives in London. 2 Flights are allowed throughout London during the pandemic of Coronavirus. 3 When other doctors go into isolation, Lucy feels depressed to fill in the spots. 4 In Lucy’s opinion, all sources about Coronavirus are reliable. 5 Lucy is optimistic about the future and thinks that the situation will be better. c R3.4 Listen again and answer the questions. 1 What procedures are being taken in London to avoid the spread of the pandemic? 2 What credible sources does Dr. Lucy Johnson mention in her talk? d Tell the class what other procedures can be taken to avoid this pandemic. 36 Speaking a Look at these two pictures and discuss the questions below. 1 Match each picture with the kind of medicine (traditional or alternative) it refers to. What other alternative therapies do you know? 2 Is alternative medicine common in Syria? Mention an example. 3 Why have most societies been using alternative medicine recently? 4 In your opinion, which type of medicine (traditional or alternative) works better? 5 Have you ever tried any alternative medicine? Tell the class. b Use the information from exercise (a) to complete the table. Alternative Medicine Traditional Medicine Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages 37 Writing a In small groups, write your answers to the following questions below. 1 What are the best ways to avoid getting sick? 2 What skills are needed to be a good doctor or nurse? 3 Do you think that healthcare should be free? Why / Why not? 4 In your opinion, how will healthcare be in the future? b Exchange your answers with your partners. Write down the final answers you agree on. c In no more than 120 words, use your answers to write a composition about the healthcare in Syria nowadays. d In pairs, check your composition for grammar, spelling and punctuation. 38 Unit 4 Engineering Listening: Listening for details Grammar: Causative Speaking: Asking for and giving information Pronunciation: Elision Reading: History of Engineering Vocabulary: Phrasal verbs and prepositions of movement Writing: An article about the role of engineering Everyday English: Hesitation and in our life uncertainty Preview As a class, discuss the following questions. 1 How was life before the invention of engines? 2 Why do you think the science of engineering has developed recently? 3 Have you ever thought of being an engineer? Why? Why not? 4 What types of engineering do you know? 39 Reading History of Engineering Throughout history, there have always been people who designed and built tools or other devices to solve problems or improve lives. The concept of engineering has been around since ancient times, as primitive engineers created basic inventions such as pulley, lever, and the wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with a modern definition of engineering, and makes use of basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. The Ancient Era Simple classic machines were known in the ancient Near East, and then the wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) during the fifth millennium BC. The oldest architect, known by name Imhotep, designed and executed the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser (a step pyramid) in the Saqqara region in Egypt around 2630-2611 BC, and he is also credited with first using columns in architecture. In Persia, the oldest practical water-powered machines appeared in the fourth century BC, the water wheel and the watermill. Middle Ages During the sixth century AD, the Indian engineers invented the cotton gin, and by the ninth century AD they designed wind- powered machines such as the windmill and the wind pump. Later, the Arab engineers designed the spinning wheel in the early eleventh century. This was essential to the growth of the cotton industry, which was the core of The Early Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century. European Renaissance The first steam engine was built in 1698 by the mechanical engineer Thomas Savery. The development of this device led to the emergence of the Industrial Revolution in the coming years, which allowed the beginning of the mass production of engines of various functions. 40 The Modern Era The inventions of the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to the modern mechanical engineering, which opened the door wide for the development of specialised machinery and their maintenance tools during the Industrial Revolution and led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering in its native Britain and abroad. Chemical engineering, like mechanical engineering, developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late nineteenth century gave birth to the field of electronics and electrical engineering. Today, aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design; this field of engineering has been growing day after day to allow humans make their dreams come true to invade the outer space by designing better spaceships. Finally, with the advent of computer technology in the 1990's, the first search engine was built by the computer engineer Alan Emtage. The brilliant minds of engineers are still creating whatever it takes to elevate our world to make it a better place to live. a Read the text and try to guess the meaning of the highlighted words. Then match them with their definitions below. 1 a simple machine used to lift something heavy 2 a machine that separates the seeds of a cotton plant from the cotton 3 related to designing, making, and flying planes 4 a piece of equipment consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain is pulled to lift heavy things 5 actions performed to keep a machine or system functioning or in service 6 to raise something to a higher position 7 a period of one thousand years b Read the text again. Look at the list of people and the statements below. Match each statement with the person to whom it refers. Imhotep Thomas Savery James Watt James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz Alan Emtage 1 He developed the world’s first Internet search engine. 2 He helped to develop specialised machinery and their maintenance tools. 41 3 His invention was the foundation stone of the Industrial Revolution. 4 The field of electronics and electronic engineering emerged in the late 19th century. 5 The pioneer of engineering who built a pyramid in Egypt. c Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text? Write True if the statement agrees with the information, False if the statement contradicts the information or Not Given if there is no information on this. 1 To develop useful tools and objects, all types of today engineering depend on old basic inventions such as lever and pulley. 2 Imhotep invented the first steam engine in the world. 3 Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin in 1793. 4 The inventions of James Watt contributed to the growth of mechanical engineering. 5 Aeronautical engineering is related to the design of electronic machines. 6 Archie is a pre-web Internet search engine implemented by Alan Emtage. Vocabulary Phrasal Verbs and Prepositions of Movement Phrasal Verbs a Match the verbs in italics with the correct meanings a-g below. 1 Make sure you check the joints over before you leave today. 2 The carpenter has used a special hammer to drive the nails into the finished doors. 3 This harsh environment is going to eat away at this concrete over time. 4 The workers had to fence the area off in order not to harm anybody during the work. 5 I have to jack up the car to change the tire. 6 We'll have to pull the old building down before they start work. 7 We need to shore up the roof before it falls down. a to destroy something quite big b to erode or corrode c to force something into something else by hitting it d to inspect for any faults, errors or defects e to raise using some kind of mechanic or hydraulic device f to restrict access using some kind of barrier g to support something or keep it from falling by placing something under or against it 42 Prepositions of Movement Prepositions of movement show movement from one place to another. Into, onto and to are used to talk about movement We moved the chairs into They walked to the next The actor ran onto the stage. my bedroom. town. The opposites are out of, off and from We moved the chairs out We drove from London The actor ran off the stage of my bedroom. to Edinburgh. b Fill in the gaps using the prepositions in the box. to from off into onto out of 1 My brother drove ………………… Homs in one hour. 2 The vase fell ………………… the table and shattered on the floor. 3 She suddenly turned and crashed ………………… the fence. 4 What time does the flight ………………… Cairo arrive? 5 I slipped as I stepped ………………… the platform. 6 Take your hands ………………… your pockets and help me! Pronunciation Elision In fast spoken English, certain sounds may disappear. This disappearance of sounds is known as Elision; the sounds are elided. The two sounds /t/ and /d/ are frequently elided, especially when they are found between two other consonants. For example: We will hear the /t/ in fact, but not in facts. We will hear the /d/ in land, but not in landlady. This means even negative /t/, and the final /d/ or /t/ in past tenses and passives may disappear: I don’(t) know. I watch(ed) TV las(t) night. 43 R4.1 Listen to the following sentences and spot the times when the sounds /t/ or /d/ may disappear. Example: Let’s face the facts. This company is going bust quickly. 1 My landlady bought a new handbag the other day. 2 The first girl earned twenty pounds. 3 The second boy waited for half an hour. 4 I don’t know when they finished work yesterday. 5 I don’t like fast food as a rule. 6 It was a perfect afternoon, perfectly marvellous. 7 Raise both your hands slowly into the air. 8 I watch TV most evenings; in fact I watched it for five hours last night. Grammar The Causative (Have something done) a What is the difference in meaning between these sentences? 1 My father mended the car himself. 2 The car was mended by my father. 3 My father had the car mended. 4 My father didn’t have the car mended. b Look at these signs from some shops. Then write what people think when they see the signs using the words in brackets and have or had. WE REPAIR ALL KINDS OF BOOTS AND SHOES. (That reminds me. I/ must/ my shoes/ repair) That reminds me I must have my shoes repaired. 1 LET US CLEAN YOUR CARPETS AND CURTAINS (My mother goes to that shop. She/ the carpets/ clean/ there) My mother goes to that shop. ……………………………………………….. 2 WE MAKE KEYS OF ALL TYPES (I’d almost forgotten. I/ ought to/ a new key/ make/ for the house) I’d almost forgotten. ……………………………………………….. 3 WE MEND WATCHES AND CLOCKS (That shop isn’t expensive. I/ my watch/ mend/ there last week) That shop isn’t expensive. ……………………………………………….. 44 4 OUR SPECIALITY: PAINTING HOUSES AND FLATS (I don’t think I can afford to/ our flat/ paint) I don’t think I can afford to ……………………………………………….. c Some unpleasant things happened to these people last week. Use the sentences in brackets to write a sentence with had something done. (Huda’s bag was pulled off her shoulder.) Huda had her bag pulled off her shoulder. 1 (Ali’s driving licence was taken away by the police.) Ali ……………………………………………………………………….. 2 (Mona’s glasses were broken.) ……………………………………………………………………..…….. 3 (Our electricity was cut off because we had forgotten to pay the bill) …………………………………………………………………..……….. 4 (John’s clothes were torn in a fight.) …………………………………………………………………..……….. d Discuss these questions with a partner and then write sentences. What can you have done if you go to a barber? I can have my hair cut. 1 What can you have done if you go to a mechanic? 2 What can you have done if you go to a carpenter? 3 What can you have done if you go to a tailor? Everyday English Hesitation and Uncertainty a R4.2 Read and listen to the following conversation. Marwan: What about joining our new project, Tarek? Tarek: Well, I’m not sure about it. How much will it cost me? Marwan: Oh, only SYP 10.000.000. Tarek: SYP 10.000.000 you say. Hm, it sounds a bit risky to me. Marwan: Risky! There’s no risk! We’ll make a fortune. Tarek: That’s what you say. But I don’t quite understand your plan. Marwan: It’s simple. We’re going to open a cafe. 45 Tarek: What’s new about that? I don’t quite follow you. Marwan: Well, this won’t be an ordinary cafe. We’ll serve meals from a different country every night. Tarek: Hm. It might work if you could find enough expert cooks. But really, I can’t decide yet. Marwan: Well, make up your mind quickly. It’s a great opportunity! Tarek: Maybe, maybe not. Note: When talking to others about different things and we want to express a kind of hesitation or when we are not sure about something, we usually use the expressions below. I’m not sure about that I haven’t made up my mind yet I’ll have to think about that Oh, I don’t know whether I could Perhaps I can It might work I don’t know much about I’m not very good at I can't decide yet b With your partner, make a short dialogue about one of these situations using appropriate expressions from the table. 1 Your friend asks you to join his football team. You’d like to but you aren’t sure about your father’s opinion. 2 Your friends are going on a journey to Aleppo and want you to join them. But it’s your sister’s birthday at the same time. 3 Your family are having dinner at a restaurant but you have an exam next week. Listening a R4.3 Listen to four engineers. What type of engineers are they? mechanical computer civil petroleum 1 Speaker 1 is ………………………. engineer. 2 Speaker 2 is ………………………. engineer. 3 Speaker 3 is ………………………. engineer. 4 Speaker 4 is ………………………. engineer. 46 b R4.3 Listen again and choose the correct answer. 1 Ahmad wanted to be an engineer as his (father's best friend, grandfather). 2 Ahmad is working now on a project of a (car factory, dam). 3 Ghazal worked as a professor for (two years, three years) before she travelled to Singapore. 4 Right now, Ghazal is a programmer for (the government, a private company). 5 Naseem's nationality is (Syrian, Jordanian). 6 Naseem’s wife is a (teacher, secretary). 7 Zeina's father was a teacher of (mathematics, physics). 8 Zeina is doing research about generating electricity out of (waves, wind). Speaking a Look at these types of engineering in the pictures below. Talk in small groups. In your country, who practices these jobs more, men or women? Why do you think this is? b Find out a classmate who wishes to study engineering at university. Make an interview with him/ her asking about:  type of engineering  reasons of his/ her choice  workplace  advantages 47 Writing a Engineering has played a vital part in people’s lives today. It has become a must for improving our life. Write an article about the role of engineering in the modern world. The following prompts may help you: advantages of engineering public health and safety technology and quality of life b Check for spelling, punctuation and grammatical mistakes. 48 Review 1 1 Choose the correct verb form of the following sentences. 1 I ………………… to the conclusion that nowadays nobody cares about anything. a come b have come c will come 2 They ………………………. for three hours when the storm suddenly broke. a had been running b have been running c are running 3 I assumed you ………………………. for the repairs until the end of last year. a will pay b had been paying c have paid 4 She ………………………. on that manuscript for two years now. a has been working b had been working c is working 5 Suzan …………………… trying to pass her driving test but fails every time. a kept b is keeping c keeps 6 I ………………………. complete silence now while I try this experiment. a am wanting b want c have wanted 7 I can't leave now. I ………………………………… for an important client. a was waiting b am waiting c have waited 8 I was just wondering what ……………………….when I came back home. a has happened b happens c had happened 9 Ahlam Mestaghanmi ………………… some of the best novels in recent years. a has written b wrote c was writing 10 How many times …………… you …………………. your house broken into? a do/have b did/ have c have/ had 2 On a separate sheet of paper, rewrite the following text using passive form of the underlined verbs in a suitable tense according to the context. Look at the sample given. Farmers 1grow food all over the country. In the past, they 2used traditional methods but now they 3are using more sophisticated ones. Since the 1970s, the government 4has constructed many plants dedicated to producing agricultural equipment such as trucks, tractors and fertilizers. The government 5has also established special banks for giving loans to farmers. On the other hand, local councils 6have opened many paths in the farming lands in order to facilitate the movement of crops to the markets. The Ministry of Transport as well as the Ministry of Economy 7issue exporting certificates for importing small lorries and pick-ups. Farmers 8can use these vehicles to transport their crops and tools. People expect that the agricultural production in our country will improve during the next years. Food is grown all over the country. In the past, ………… 49 3 Rewrite these sentences using have or get in the correct tense. 1 Raneem wants a doctor to alter her nose. 2 The mechanic changed the oil in my car. 3 Doctors amputated the patient's leg after the accident. 4 The shop on the corner usually mends my glasses. 5 A decorator has repaired our house. 6 A friend of mine, who’s an electrician, is going to repair my DVD player next week. 4 Choose the correct answer between brackets. 1 Why should I change my habits to (fit in with, follow through) their way of life? 2 They are (pulling down, fencing off) the bottom part of the garden because of a deep hole. 3 More and more women are choosing to (back the wrong horse, go under the knife) to improve their appearance. 4 In a few years, our country should be able to (ace a test, join the ranks of) the world's most developed nations. 5 I think you’re supporting the wrong person. You shouldn’t (back the wrong horse, be on a roll). 6 Being late to work, the worker told his boss a story about his mother being (at death’s door, on the mend). 7 He has never made an effort to (reach out to, keep up with) current events. 8 When we were on our way to Aleppo, our car broke down and we had to (jack it up, shore it up). 9 She watched him walk (into, onto) the platform. 10 He got into his car and drove (off, from). 5 Complete the sentences below with words derived from the words in brackets. 1 I'm surprised by the ………………………… of university departments that a high rank student can choose. (VARY) 2 A successful person is able to differentiate between fantasy and …………….. (REAL) 3 When I grow up, I want to be a …………………. to study all types of living things. (BIOLOGY) 4 My elder brother is a …………………. in designing artificial limbs. (SPECIALISATION) 5 Very soon, …………………. power will be supplied by underground cables. (ELECTRICITY) 50 Project 1 Objectives: Job Interviews You will learn tips for job interviews. You will practice asking questions by conducting an interview with a partner. Tips for job interviews: a Review these tips that contain all of the information you need to make a great impression at your future job interview. 1 Tips for before the Interview The more information you have prepared in advance, the better impression you will make on the interviewer. Take the time to get working papers (if you need them) and references before you start looking for a job. Do your research. Learn all you can about the position and the company. The job posting and others for similar positions can offer valuable information about what they are looking for in a candidate. Checking out the company website will give you insight into the company culture. Reread the job description. You may want to print it out and begin underlining specific skills the employer is looking for. Prepare smart questions for your interviewers. All this information will allow you the opportunity to give complete, educated answers to anything the interviewer might ask. 2 What to Bring with you Completed job application (if the employer doesn’t have it already) Working papers (if you need them) References Resume (if you have one) Notepad / pen 3 Tips for Acing a Job Interview a Be Polite. Shake your interviewer’s hand. Don’t sit until you are invited to. Make sure you listen carefully and thoughtfully to the interviewer. Don’t slouch in your chair. Don’t use slang or swear. Be polite, positive, and professional throughout the interview. b Know your Schedule. Know what days and hours you can be available at work, because the more time you are available, the easier it is for the employer to set a work schedule. 51 c Be on Time. Arrive at the interview site a few minutes early. d Go on your own. If your mom or dad brings you to an interview, don’t bring them into the interview room with you. You need to present yourself as a mature, responsible candidate for employment. 4 How to Make the Best Impression The best way to make a positive impression is to do exactly what a professional candidate for employment would do. Dress appropriately. Answer questions in an informed manner. Have questions ready to ask the interviewer. Make the best impression you can on the interviewer. Take a few minutes to thank the person who interviewed you. b Take your time to make sure you understand exactly what you have to do. Read these questions below carefully and think of a suitable response for each one. c In pairs, write down your suggested response to each question. Interview Questions Your Responses 1 Could you tell me about yourself? 1 2 Why should I hire you? 2 3 Tell me about an accomplishment you 3 are most proud of. 4 What do you do to improve your 4 weaknesses? 5 Tell me about a major problem you 5 recently handled. 6 Why are you looking for a job? 6 7 How has school prepared you for 7 working at our company? 8 Can you be successful in this position? 8 9 Why are you interested in working for 9 our company? 10 Describe your ability to work as a 10 team member? 11 What are your salary expectations? 11 12 Describe your dream job. 12 d Practice asking questions by conducting an interview with a partner. e As an optional homework assignment, conduct an interview with a friend or a family member. 52 53 Unit 5 Civil Rights Listening: Listening for gist and general Grammar: Relative clauses understanding Pronunciation: Voiced and voiceless Speaking: Discussing opinions consonants Reading: Civil Rights Vocabulary: Law idioms Everyday English: Complaints and Writing: An article about rights and duties apologies Preview a Discuss the following questions. 1 What is a society? 2 As a member in your community, what rights do you get? 3 Do people in your society get the same rights? 4 What duties should people do in society? b Match these words with their meanings. 1 vote a to give an assurance that something will be done right 2 guarantee b a law or set of laws 3 violation c to say that something isn't true 4 discrimination d a legal process to decide if somebody is guilty or not 5 repression e an action that breaks a law, an agreement or a principle 6 restraints f a formal choice you take in an election 7 trial g rules which limit what people can do 8 deny h the practice of treating someone less fairly than others 9 legislation i using force to control a group of people and restrict their freedom c Check your answers with your partner. 54 Reading Simply speaking, human rights are the rights which one acquires by being alive, while civil rights are the rights that one obtains by being a legal member of a certain political life. In other words, civil rights are the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality. They guarantee equal social opportunities and equal protection under the law, regardless of race, religion, or other personal characteristics. Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from violation by governments, social organisations, and private individuals. They ensure one's right to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state without discrimination or repression. Unlike other rights concepts, such as human rights or natural rights, in which people acquire rights inherently from God, civil rights must be given and guaranteed by the power of the state. Examples of civil rights include the right to vote, the right to a fair trial, the right to government services, the right to a public education, and the right to use public facilities. Civil rights are an essential component of democracy; when individuals are prevented from participating in political society, their civil rights are being denied. In contrast to civil liberties, which are freedoms that are secured by placing restraints on government, civil rights are secured by positive government action, often in the form of legislation. Civil rights laws attempt to guarantee full and equal citizenship for people who have traditionally been discriminated against on the basis of some characteristics. 55 a Choose the most appropriate completion a, b or c. 1 Human rights are guaranteed to each individual in society............. a after death b during lifetime c after the age of 18 2 In comparison with civil rights, human rights.................... a are given to individuals by the government b are acquired by nature c are freedoms made by the individuals themselves 3 The right to use public facilities is an example of a ……… a human right b natural right c civil right 4 It is...................... to prevent people from participating in political life. a urgent b legal c illegal 5 Legislations are formed by the government to ……… that people enjoy their civil rights. a assure b ignore c protect b Find words in the text which have the opposite meaning to the following words. 1 dead...................... 3 unjust...................... 5 admitted...................... 2 artificial................ 4 allowed..................... 6 negative...................... c Fill in the gaps with words from the box to complete the following paragraph. completed obligations addition standards responsibility The right to education includes a 1 …………....……… to provide basic education for individuals who have not 2 …………....……… primary education from the school and college levels. In 3 ……………....…… to this access to education necessities, the right to education includes the 4 ………………....… of the students to avoid discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum 5 ………..………… of education and to improve its quality. 56 Vocabulary Law Idioms Replace the underlined phrases in these sentences with the correct form of one of the law idioms in this list. beat around / about the bush, an act of God, break the law, assemble the case, by the book 11 You should speak directly and ask for a raise. Don't hesitate in getting to the point. 22 The insurance company refused to pay the money because they said that the forest fire was the will of God. 33 The lawyers were unable to collect data against the man. 44 The man was forced to quit his job after it was discovered that he had acted against the law. 55 Our lawyer is very good and he does every thing exactly as the rules say. Pronunciation Voiced and Voiceless Sounds All sounds are either voiced or voiceless. Voiced sounds are those that make our vocal cords vibrate when they are produced. Voiceless sounds are those that don't make our vocal cords vibrate when they are produced. bet /bet/ - the /b/ sound is voiced. Pet /pet/ - the /p/ sound is voiceless. - The following sounds The following are usually sounds voiceless: are usually voiceless:- The following sounds are usually voiced: Note: All vowels are also voiced. Voiced Voiceless Classify the final sound on each word mistake  in the table as voiced or voiceless. answer laugh sick show run sing ash young path judge 57 Grammar Relative Clauses a Read sentences 1-5 and complete the rules below. 1 A drill is a tool which is used to make a hole in something. 2 Mobile phones are phones that you can carry around in your pocket. 3 The man who worked in a printing company visited me last night. 4 The woman whose car was stolen called the police. 5 Lattakia, where I spent my last holiday, is a wonderful city. Rules: Relative clauses tell you: which thing, person or place we are talking about. what a thing, person or place is or does. Use 1 ____________ or 2 ____________ for things. Use 3 ____________ or 4 ____________ for people. Use 5 ____________ for places. Use 6 ____________ for possession. b Which words in the box do the definitions below describe? Complete them with the correct relative pronoun. bodyguard photocopier plumber vacuum cleaner launderette 1 A............................... is a machine............................... makes copies of documents. 2 A...................... is a person..................... protects important people from being attacked. 3 A...................... is a place with washing machines........................ you can wash your clothes. 4 A........................ is a person..................... job is to mend central heating, taps, etc. 5 A.......................... is a machine.......................... you use to clean floors and carpets. Everyday English Complaints and Apologies a R5.1 Read and listen to the following conversation. A: I’m afraid I have a complaint to make. B: Oh dear. Please take a seat. A: I’m sorry to bother you but the bill you sent me was incorrect. B: Incorrect, madam? That’s very strange. A: Yes, I know, and what’s more, this isn’t the first time. B: Really?! I can't beleive it. 58 A: It’s happened five or six times in the last three months. It really isn’t good enough. B: Ah. Well, I must apologise, madam. It’s the new computer. A: Well, don’t you think it’s about time you got it working properly? It’s very inconvenient. B: You're right! I’m awfully sorry about it. I assure you it won’t happen again. b

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