Anatomy PDF

Anatomy - Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship Physiology - Studies how the body and its parts work or function Pathophysiology - Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - Large Structures that can be seen with the naked eye...

Anatomy - Studies the structure of body parts and their relationship Physiology - Studies how the body and its parts work or function Pathophysiology - Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - Large Structures that can be seen with the naked eye Regional and Systematic Anatomy - Approach of studying larger structures. Surface Anatomy - Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Microscopic Anatomy - Structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye and can only be viewed with a microscope Histology - Subdivision of microscopic anatomy that deals with the study of tissues. Embryology - Concerns developmental changes that occur before birth Prone position - Anatomical position where the body is FACE DOWN Supine Position - Anatomical position where the body is FACE- UP Superior - Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body: ABOVE Ventral - Toward or at the front of the body : FRONT OF. Dorsal - Toward or at the backside of the body:BEHIND Medial - Toward or at the midline of the body: ON THE INNER SIDE OF Proximal - Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to limb or the body trunk Distal - Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Deep - Away from the body surface: MORE INTERNAL Ipsilateral - On the same side of the body. Smooth muscle tissue - type of tissue found in the walls of hollow organs that contracts involuntarily, producing slow, steady movements, Epithelial Tissue - Tissue that forms the outer layer of the skin and lines the body cavities, organs and glands. Connective Tissue - Supportive tissue that provides framework for the body and connects and supports other tissues. Cardiovascular System - organ system responsible for circulating blood and transporting nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste products. Integumentary System - Organ system that protects the body form external damage,dehydration and regulates body temperature. Skeletal System - Organ system that provides support and protection for internal organs and serves as a site for blood cell formation. Muscular System - Organ system responsible for movement, posture maintenance and heat production. Nervous System - Organ system that controls and coordinates body functions by transmitting signals between different parts of the body. Endocrine system - Organ system that secretes hormones intro the bloodstream to regulate various body functions Lymphatic System - organ system that returns fluids to blood vessels,cleanses the blood and is involved in immunity. Respiratory system - organ system responsible for gas exchange, supplying oxygen to the blood, and removing carbon dioxide. Digestive system - Organ system that breaks down food, absorbs nutrients into the blood and eliminates indigestible materials as feces. Urinary System - Organ System responsible for eliminating nitrogenous wastes, maintaining acid-base balance, and regulating water and electrolytes. Reproductive System - organ system responsible for producing offspring and the production of sex hormones. Homeostasis - Maintenance of stable internal conditions necessary for normal body functioning and life sustainability. Receptor - Cellular structure that detects changes in the environment and send signals to the control center. Control Center - Structure that receives information from receptors, analyzes it and determines the appropriate response, Effector - Structure that carries out the response determined by the control center to restore homeostasis. Negative Feedback - Homeostatic control mechanism that reverses a change to maintain stability and involves shutting off the original stimulus. Positive Feedback - Control mechanisms that amplifies the original stimulus to accelerate the responses and occurs in limited scenarios like blood clotting and child birth. The nine Abdominopelvic regions: contains specific organs Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac (inguinal) Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal) Oral and Digestice cavities - Body Cavities involved in the oral and digestive processes. Nasal Activity - Body cavity related to the nose Orbital Cavities - Body cavities related to the eyes. Middle ear Cavities - Body cavities associated with the ears Synovial Cavities - Body cavities that contain synovial fluid Smooth muscle cell molecules - Molecules found in smooth muscle cells Atoms - Basic units of matter Cells - Basic Structural and functional units of living organisms Tissues - Group of cells with a common structure and function Blood Vessels - Tubular Structures carrying blood. Heart - Organ responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system. Epithelial Tissue - tissue that covers the surfaces of the body. Connective tissue - Tissue that supports, connects or separates different types of tissues and organs. Cardiovascular System - Organ system responsible for circulating blood and nutrients in the body. Integumentary System - Organ system responsible for protecting the body from external harm. Skeletal - Organ system providing structural support and protection for the body, Muscular - Organ System responsible for movement and heat production. Nervous - Organ System controlling rapid responses to stimuli. Endocrine system - Organ system regulating body functions through hormone secretion Cardiovascular - Organ System responsible for transporting materials via blood circulation. Lymphatic - Organ system involved in returning fluids to blood vessels and immunity. Respiratory - Organ system responsible for oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide Digestive - Organ system responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients, Urinary - Organ system responsible for eliminating wastes and regulating water balance. Reproductive - Organ system responsible for producing offspring Homeostasis - Maintenance of stable internal conditions necessary for normal body functioning Maintain Boundaries - Necessary life function involving the distinction between interal and external environements. Movement - Necessary life function involving locomotion and substance transport. Responsiveness or excitabilty - Necessary Life function involving the ability to sense changes and react. Digestion - Necessary life function involving the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Metabolism - necessary life function involving chemical reactions within the body, Excretion - Necessary life function involving the elimination of waste from metabolic reactions. Reproduction - Necessary life function involving the production of offspring. Growth - Necessary life function involving an increase in cell size and number Nutrients - Survival need including chemicals for energy and cell building Oxygen - Survival need required for chemical reactions Water - Survival need that is the most abundant chemical in the human body Stable body temperature - survival need involving a specific temperature range for optimal body function. Atmospheric pressure - Survival need that must be appropriate for gas exchange Neural and hormonal control systems. - Communication system in the body for maintaininging homeostasis Homeostasis - Maintenance of stable internal conditions necessary for normal body functioning and life sustainability, Homeostatic Imbalance - Disturbance in homeostasis leading to disease Negative feedback - Feedback mechanism that reduces the intensity of a stimulus Positive feedback - Feedback mechanisms that increases the original stimulus. Matthias Schleiden - German botanist who discovered all plants are composed of cells in 1838 Theodor Schwann - Scientist who found animals are made of cells in 1838. Rudolf Virchow - German pathologist who discovered humans are made up of cells in 1855 Cell Theory - States cells are the basic units of living organisms and the continuity of life is cellular Cell Size Limits - Cells have a maximum size before dividing into smaller cells or remaining the same Nucleus - Cell's control center containing DNA for protein synthesis and cell reproduction Cytoplasm - Cellular material outside the nucleus, site of most cellular activities Plasma Membrane - Transparent barrier separating cell contents from the environment Cell Composition - Cells are mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with 60-80% water Nuclear Envelope - Double membrane enclosing the nucleus with pores for material exchange Nucleolus - Site in the nucleus for ribosome assembly Chromatin - DNA wound around proteins in the nucleus, condenses into chromosomes during cell division Fluid Mosaic Model - Plasma membrane structure with phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and proteins Hydrophilic vs. Hydrophobic - Polar heads face outwards, - nonpolar tails face inwards, making the membrane impermeable Proteins in Plasma Membrane - Responsible for specialized functions like ion channels, enzymes, and receptors Glycoproteins - Sugars attached to proteins on the cell surface, forming the glycocalyx Cell Junctions - Structures binding cells together, including tight, desmosomes, and gap junctions Cytosol - Fluid suspending cell elements with nutrients and electrolytes Inclusions - Chemical substances floating in cytosol, such as stored nutrients or cell products Organelles - Cellular structures performing specific functions, often membrane-bound Mitochondria - Organelles known as the 'Powerhouse of the cell' that carry out reactions breaking down food into ATP molecules. Ribosomes - Cell organelles made of protein and ribosomal RNA, serving as sites for protein synthesis and found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Fluid-filled tunnels within the cell that are continuous with the nuclear membrane, existing in two types: Rough ER, studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis, and Smooth ER, lacking ribosomes and involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification. Golgi Apparatus - A stack of flattened membranes associated with vesicles that modifies and packages proteins from the rough ER, producing various types of packages for secretion or internal use. Lysosomes Membranous 'bags' -containing digestive enzymes that break down cell structures and dispose of bacteria and debris. Peroxisomes Membranous sacs with oxidase enzymes that detoxify substances, break down free radicals, and replicate by pinching in half or budding from the ER. Cytoskeleton - A network of protein structures throughout the cytoplasm providing an internal framework, determining cell shape, supporting organelles, and facilitating intracellular transport. Microfilaments - The largest elements of the cytoskeleton, forming a network within the cell. Intermediate filaments - Elements of the cytoskeleton that form a network surrounding the nucleus. Microtubules - The smallest elements of the cytoskeleton, appearing as networks surrounding the cell's nuclei. Centrioles - Rod-shaped bodies made of nine triplets of microtubules that generate microtubules and direct the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division. Cilia - Surface extensions in some cells that move materials across the cell surface, particularly found in the respiratory system for moving mucus. Flagella - Cell extensions that propel the cell, with the only flagellated cell in the human body being the sperm. Microvilli - Tiny fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area for absorption. Cell Diversity - The variety of over 200 different cell types in the human body, differing in size, shape, and function to perform specialized roles. Solution - Homogeneous mixture of two or more components (e.g., air, fluid of plasma membrane, seawater, rubbing alcohol) Solvent - Component in the largest amount in a solution, typically water in the body Solutes - Components in smaller quantities within a solution Intracellular fluid Solution containing small amounts of gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients, and salts dissolved in water Interstitial fluid - Fluid on the exterior of the cell, containing nutrients, regulatory substances, and waste products Selective Permeability - Property of the plasma membrane that allows some materials to pass through while excluding others Diffusion - Molecule movement from high concentration to low concentration, down a concentration gradient Osmosis - Simple diffusion of water from a region of high solvent potential to a region of lower solvent potential Isotonic - Solution with the same solute and water concentration, causing no changes in cells Hypertonic - Solution containing more solutes than inside the cells, causing cells to shrink Hypotonic - Solution containing fewer solutes, leading to cell swelling (e.g., distilled water) Facilitated diffusion - Transport of lipid-insoluble and large substances using a protein carrier for passive transport Filtration - Process where water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid pressure gradient Passive processes - Transport processes that do not require energy, including diffusion and facilitated diffusion Active processes - Transport processes requiring metabolic energy (ATP) to move substances against a concentration gradient Exocytosis - Vesicular transport process that moves materials out of the cell Endocytosis - Vesicular transport process where extracellular substances are engulfed in a membranous vesicle