Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 1 PDF

### Urinary System 1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? - A\) Excretion of waste - B\) Regulation of blood volume and pressure - C\) Regulation of body temperature - D\) Regulation of blood solute concentrations - E\) Regulation of r...

### Urinary System 1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system? - A\) Excretion of waste - B\) Regulation of blood volume and pressure - C\) Regulation of body temperature - D\) Regulation of blood solute concentrations - E\) Regulation of red blood cell synthesis\ **Answer: C** 2. What percentage of cardiac output is filtered by the kidneys per minute? - A\) 10% - B\) 15% - C\) 21% - D\) 25% - E\) 30%\ **Answer: C** 3. The kidneys help regulate blood calcium levels by synthesizing which vitamin? - A\) Vitamin A - B\) Vitamin B12 - C\) Vitamin D - D\) Vitamin E - E\) Vitamin K\ **Answer: C** 4. Which organ carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder? - A\) Urethra - B\) Renal vein - C\) Renal artery - D\) Ureter - E\) Nephron\ **Answer: D** 5. The basic functional unit of the kidney is: - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Nephron - C\) Ureter - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Loop of Henle\ **Answer: B** **Kidney Structure and Function** 6. The outer layer of the kidney is known as the: - A\) Renal medulla - B\) Renal capsule - C\) Renal cortex - D\) Renal pelvis - E\) Renal fascia\ **Answer: C** 7. Which structure collects urine within the kidney before it moves into the ureter? - A\) Nephron - B\) Glomerulus - C\) Major calyx - D\) Renal pelvis - E\) Renal cortex\ **Answer: D** 8. The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and: - A\) Bowman\'s capsule - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: A** 9. Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs at the: - A\) Loop of Henle - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Glomerulus - D\) Proximal convoluted tubule - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: C** 10. Which of the following is NOT a feature of the renal medulla? - A\) Renal pyramids - B\) Minor calyces - C\) Renal cortex - D\) Renal columns - E\) Renal papilla\ **Answer: C** **Filtrate vs. Urine** 11. Filtrate differs from urine in that it: - A\) Contains large proteins - B\) Is found in the collecting duct - C\) Has higher concentrations of waste - D\) Contains useful substances like glucose and amino acids - E\) Contains mostly urea\ **Answer: D** 12. Where does filtrate first form in the kidney? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Glomerulus - C\) Collecting duct - D\) Distal convoluted tubule - E\) Loop of Henle\ **Answer: B** 13. The process in which substances are actively transported from the blood into the filtrate is: - A\) Filtration - B\) Tubular reabsorption - C\) Tubular secretion - D\) Passive diffusion - E\) Osmosis\ **Answer: C** 14. Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys? - A\) ADH - B\) Renin - C\) Aldosterone - D\) Angiotensin II - E\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)\ **Answer: C** 15. The loop of Henle primarily contributes to the kidney\'s ability to: - A\) Regulate pH - B\) Concentrate urine - C\) Reabsorb glucose - D\) Produce erythropoietin - E\) Secrete hormones\ **Answer: B** **Hormonal Control** 16. ADH affects which part of the nephron most significantly? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Glomerulus - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: D** 17. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to: - A\) Constrict blood vessels - B\) Increase sodium reabsorption - C\) Reduce blood volume by increasing sodium excretion - D\) Stimulate red blood cell production - E\) Increase calcium absorption\ **Answer: C** **Pathway of Blood through the Kidney** 18. Blood enters the kidney via which artery? - A\) Hepatic artery - B\) Renal artery - C\) Segmental artery - D\) Interlobar artery - E\) Cortical radiate artery\ **Answer: B** 19. Which of the following vessels directly supplies blood to the glomerulus? - A\) Efferent arteriole - B\) Renal vein - C\) Afferent arteriole - D\) Peritubular capillaries - E\) Vasa recta\ **Answer: C** 20. The vasa recta primarily supplies blood to: - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons - D\) Glomerulus - E\) Renal cortex\ **Answer: C** 21. The renal columns are extensions of which structure? - A\) Renal medulla - B\) Renal cortex - C\) Renal pelvis - D\) Renal capsule - E\) Minor calyx\ **Answer: B** **Types of Nephrons** 22. Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons in that they: - A\) Lack glomeruli - B\) Have longer loops of Henle - C\) Are only found in the renal cortex - D\) Do not participate in urine concentration - E\) Are more numerous than cortical nephrons\ **Answer: B** 23. The primary function of cortical nephrons is: - A\) Water conservation - B\) Urine concentration - C\) Filtration and reabsorption of essential nutrients - D\) Blood pressure regulation - E\) Secretion of erythropoietin\ **Answer: C** **Urine Formation and Filtration** 24. Which step in urine formation involves the movement of water and small molecules from the blood into the nephron? - A\) Tubular secretion - B\) Tubular reabsorption - C\) Filtration - D\) Excretion - E\) Diffusion\ **Answer: C** 25. What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed during the process of tubular reabsorption? - A\) 5-10% - B\) 25-30% - C\) 50% - D\) 99% - E\) 100%\ **Answer: D** 26. Which of the following statements is true regarding glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? - A\) It averages 500 L/day. - B\) It is controlled only by hormones. - C\) It is the amount of filtrate produced per minute. - D\) It increases with sympathetic stimulation. - E\) It is not affected by blood pressure changes.\ **Answer: C** 27. Net filtration pressure is the difference between glomerular capillary pressure, capsule hydrostatic pressure, and: - A\) Renal plasma flow - B\) Blood colloid osmotic pressure - C\) Glomerular filtration rate - D\) Tubular secretion - E\) Capsular volume\ **Answer: B** **Acid-Base Balance and Electrolyte Regulation** 28. Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid? - A\) Potassium - B\) Sodium - C\) Calcium - D\) Chloride - E\) Phosphate\ **Answer: B** 29. The hormone that primarily regulates sodium balance in the body is: - A\) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - D\) Renin - E\) Calcitonin\ **Answer: B** 30. What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland? - A\) Low blood sodium levels - B\) High blood pressure - C\) High blood osmolality - D\) Low calcium levels - E\) Elevated blood glucose\ **Answer: C** 31. Hyperkalemia is characterized by: - A\) High levels of sodium in extracellular fluid - B\) Low levels of sodium in extracellular fluid - C\) High levels of potassium in extracellular fluid - D\) Low levels of calcium in intracellular fluid - E\) High levels of calcium in extracellular fluid\ **Answer: C** **Acid-Base Mechanisms and Compensation** 32. A buffer is a substance that: - A\) Raises pH in all solutions - B\) Absorbs or releases H+ ions to maintain pH - C\) Completely dissociates in water - D\) Lowers pH in all solutions - E\) Does not interact with acids\ **Answer: B** 33. Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid? - A\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - B\) Phosphate buffer system - C\) Protein buffer system - D\) Chloride buffer system - E\) Calcium buffer system\ **Answer: C** 34. Which condition can result from hyperventilation, leading to a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels? - A\) Respiratory acidosis - B\) Respiratory alkalosis - C\) Metabolic acidosis - D\) Metabolic alkalosis - E\) Hypoventilation\ **Answer: B** 35. The primary method by which kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis is by: - A\) Increasing respiratory rate - B\) Decreasing H+ secretion - C\) Increasing H+ secretion and reabsorbing bicarbonate - D\) Retaining potassium ions - E\) Increasing blood calcium levels\ **Answer: C** **Hormones and Their Functions** 36. The hormone that directly stimulates the kidneys to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption is: - A\) Aldosterone - B\) ADH - C\) ANP - D\) Renin - E\) PTH\ **Answer: B** 37. Which hormone is released by the right atrium of the heart in response to increased blood volume? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Renin - D\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - E\) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)\ **Answer: D** 38. Aldosterone primarily targets which part of the nephron? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct - C\) Loop of Henle - D\) Bowman\'s capsule - E\) Glomerulus\ **Answer: B** **Water and Electrolyte Balance** 39. What is the primary source of water intake in the human body? - A\) Cellular metabolism - B\) Food intake - C\) Drinking fluids - D\) Water absorbed from the skin - E\) Respiratory inhalation\ **Answer: C** 40. Insensible water loss occurs through: - A\) Urine and feces - B\) Sweat and respiratory passages - C\) Urine only - D\) Feces only - E\) Drinking fluids\ **Answer: B** 41. Dehydration triggers the release of which hormone to conserve water? - A\) ADH - B\) Aldosterone - C\) Renin - D\) Calcitonin - E\) Atrial natriuretic peptide\ **Answer: A** 42. The process by which sodium ions are reabsorbed in the kidney is primarily driven by: - A\) Active transport - B\) Passive diffusion - C\) Osmosis - D\) Facilitated diffusion - E\) Simple diffusion\ **Answer: A** 43. The main cation in intracellular fluid that affects cellular function and nerve impulse transmission is: - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Potassium - D\) Magnesium - E\) Chloride\ **Answer: C** **Filtration and Tubular Functions** 44. Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water and essential nutrients? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) - B\) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) - C\) Collecting duct - D\) Loop of Henle - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: A** 45. What is the main function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? - A\) Water reabsorption - B\) Sodium and chloride reabsorption - C\) Filtration of blood - D\) pH regulation - E\) Urea secretion\ **Answer: B** 46. Where does most of the water reabsorption occur in the nephron? - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Proximal convoluted tubule - C\) Distal convoluted tubule - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: B** 47. The primary purpose of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is: - A\) Concentrating urine - B\) Filtration of blood - C\) Regulating electrolyte and acid-base balance - D\) Urea secretion - E\) Producing erythropoietin\ **Answer: C** **Urea and Concentration Mechanisms** 48. Urea contributes to the kidney's ability to concentrate urine by: - A\) Acting as a pH buffer - B\) Being reabsorbed in the PCT - C\) Creating an osmotic gradient in the medulla - D\) Being excreted directly from the glomerulus - E\) Maintaining sodium balance\ **Answer: C** 49. Which part of the nephron is primarily impermeable to water but permeable to solutes? - A\) Proximal convoluted tubule - B\) Descending limb of the loop of Henle - C\) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle - D\) Collecting duct - E\) Renal pelvis\ **Answer: C** 50. In the process of urea recycling, urea enters the nephron in which location? - A\) Glomerulus - B\) Distal convoluted tubule - C\) Descending limb of the loop of Henle - D\) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle - E\) Collecting duct\ **Answer: C** 51. Which of the following helps maintain the medullary concentration gradient? - A\) Countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle - B\) Reabsorption of glucose in the PCT - C\) Sodium-potassium pump in the DCT - D\) Filtration at the glomerulus - E\) Secretion in the collecting duct\ **Answer: A** **Fluid Compartments and Distribution** 52. The intracellular fluid compartment makes up approximately what percentage of total body weight? - A\) 10% - B\) 20% - C\) 30% - D\) 40% - E\) 50%\ **Answer: D** 53. The extracellular fluid compartment is subdivided into which two main areas? - A\) Intracellular and extracellular fluid - B\) Plasma and interstitial fluid - C\) Synovial fluid and lymph - D\) Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma - E\) Intracellular fluid and plasma\ **Answer: B** 54. The primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is: - A\) Potassium - B\) Calcium - C\) Magnesium - D\) Sodium - E\) Phosphate\ **Answer: D** 55. Which ion serves as the major contributor to osmotic pressure in the ECF? - A\) Chloride - B\) Potassium - C\) Phosphate - D\) Calcium - E\) Sodium\ **Answer: E** **Regulation of Sodium and Potassium** 56. Which hormone decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water excretion? - A\) Aldosterone - B\) Antidiuretic hormone - C\) Renin - D\) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - E\) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)\ **Answer: D** 57. Hypernatremia refers to an abnormal increase in: - A\) Blood potassium levels - B\) Blood calcium levels - C\) Blood sodium levels - D\) Blood chloride levels - E\) Blood glucose levels\ **Answer: C** 58. Which ion is crucial for maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells? - A\) Sodium - B\) Calcium - C\) Potassium - D\) Chloride - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: C** 59. What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the blood? - A\) It decreases potassium secretion - B\) It increases potassium reabsorption - C\) It increases potassium excretion - D\) It does not affect potassium levels - E\) It decreases potassium in urine\ **Answer: C** **Water Balance and Dehydration** 60. The body loses the most water through: - A\) Feces - B\) Insensible perspiration - C\) Urine - D\) Respiratory evaporation - E\) Sweat\ **Answer: C** 61. The thirst mechanism is triggered by: - A\) High blood pressure - B\) Low blood osmolality - C\) High blood osmolality - D\) Low blood potassium - E\) High blood calcium\ **Answer: C** 62. Which hormone directly influences the kidneys to retain water without affecting sodium? - A\) Aldosterone - B\) ADH - C\) ANP - D\) Renin - E\) PTH\ **Answer: B** 63. Severe dehydration may lead to a decrease in which hormone's release? - A\) ADH - B\) ANP - C\) Aldosterone - D\) Renin - E\) Calcitonin\ **Answer: B** **Electrolyte Imbalances** 64. Hyponatremia is a condition in which: - A\) Plasma sodium levels are too high - B\) Plasma potassium levels are too low - C\) Plasma calcium levels are too high - D\) Plasma sodium levels are too low - E\) Plasma chloride levels are too low\ **Answer: D** 65. Hypokalemia refers to: - A\) Excess potassium in the urine - B\) High blood potassium levels - C\) Low blood potassium levels - D\) Low blood sodium levels - E\) High blood calcium levels\ **Answer: C** 66. An increase in extracellular calcium levels will: - A\) Increase membrane depolarization - B\) Prevent membrane depolarization - C\) Increase the amount of potassium in cells - D\) Lower blood pH - E\) Increase urine production\ **Answer: B** 67. Which electrolyte is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission? - A\) Sodium - B\) Potassium - C\) Calcium - D\) Chloride - E\) Magnesium\ **Answer: C** **Acid-Base Disorders** 68. Respiratory acidosis can result from: - A\) Hyperventilation - B\) High altitude - C\) Decreased CO2 elimination - D\) Increased kidney filtration - E\) Low oxygen levels\ **Answer: C** 69. Metabolic alkalosis may result from: - A\) Low blood pH - B\) Severe vomiting - C\) Respiratory failure - D\) High blood potassium levels - E\) Increased CO2 levels\ **Answer: B** 70. Which condition is characterized by a pH of body fluids above 7.45? - A\) Acidosis - B\) Respiratory acidosis - C\) Metabolic acidosis - D\) Alkalosis - E\) Acidemia\ **Answer: D** 71. How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis? - A\) By decreasing renal H+ secretion - B\) By decreasing respiratory rate - C\) By increasing bicarbonate reabsorption in kidneys - D\) By increasing blood calcium levels - E\) By lowering blood glucose levels\ **Answer: C** 72. Which buffer system is most effective in the blood plasma? - A\) Phosphate buffer system - B\) Protein buffer system - C\) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - D\) Calcium-phosphate buffer system - E\) Magnesium buffer system\ **Answer: C** **Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology** 73. The bladder is capable of holding approximately how much urine before triggering the micturition reflex? - A\) 250 mL - B\) 500 mL - C\) 750 mL - D\) 1 L - E\) 1.5 L\ **Answer: D** 74. The urethra differs between males and females primarily in: - A\) Structure - B\) Length - C\) Position of the internal urethral sphincter - D\) Location in relation to the bladder - E\) All of the above\ **Answer: E** 75. The micturition reflex is initiated by: - A\) The brain's cortex - B\) The presence of ADH - C\) The stretching of bladder walls - D\) The release of aldosterone - E\) The constriction of afferent arterioles\ **Answer: C**