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Questions and Answers
Metabolic alkalosis may result from which of the following?
Metabolic alkalosis may result from which of the following?
- Respiratory failure
- Increased CO2 levels
- High blood potassium levels
- Severe vomiting (correct)
- Low blood pH
Which condition is characterized by a pH of body fluids above 7.45?
Which condition is characterized by a pH of body fluids above 7.45?
- Respiratory acidosis
- Acidosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Acidemia
- Alkalosis (correct)
How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?
- By decreasing respiratory rate
- By lowering blood glucose levels
- By increasing bicarbonate reabsorption in kidneys (correct)
- By decreasing renal H+ secretion
- By increasing blood calcium levels
Which buffer system is most effective in the blood plasma?
Which buffer system is most effective in the blood plasma?
The bladder is capable of holding approximately how much urine before triggering the micturition reflex?
The bladder is capable of holding approximately how much urine before triggering the micturition reflex?
The urethra differs between males and females primarily in:
The urethra differs between males and females primarily in:
The micturition reflex is initiated by:
The micturition reflex is initiated by:
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
What percentage of cardiac output is filtered by the kidneys per minute?
What percentage of cardiac output is filtered by the kidneys per minute?
The kidneys help regulate blood calcium levels by synthesizing which vitamin?
The kidneys help regulate blood calcium levels by synthesizing which vitamin?
Which organ carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Which organ carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
The basic functional unit of the kidney is:
The basic functional unit of the kidney is:
The outer layer of the kidney is known as the:
The outer layer of the kidney is known as the:
Which structure collects urine within the kidney before it moves into the ureter?
Which structure collects urine within the kidney before it moves into the ureter?
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and:
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and:
Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs at the:
Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs at the:
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the renal medulla?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the renal medulla?
Filtrate differs from urine in that it:
Filtrate differs from urine in that it:
Where does filtrate first form in the kidney?
Where does filtrate first form in the kidney?
The process in which substances are actively transported from the blood into the filtrate is:
The process in which substances are actively transported from the blood into the filtrate is:
Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys?
Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys?
The loop of Henle primarily contributes to the kidney's ability to:
The loop of Henle primarily contributes to the kidney's ability to:
ADH affects which part of the nephron most significantly?
ADH affects which part of the nephron most significantly?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to:
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to:
Blood enters the kidney via which artery?
Blood enters the kidney via which artery?
Which of the following vessels directly supplies blood to the glomerulus?
Which of the following vessels directly supplies blood to the glomerulus?
The vasa recta primarily supplies blood to:
The vasa recta primarily supplies blood to:
The renal columns are extensions of which structure?
The renal columns are extensions of which structure?
Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons in that they:
Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons in that they:
The primary function of cortical nephrons is:
The primary function of cortical nephrons is:
Which step in urine formation involves the movement of water and small molecules from the blood into the nephron?
Which step in urine formation involves the movement of water and small molecules from the blood into the nephron?
What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed during the process of tubular reabsorption?
What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed during the process of tubular reabsorption?
Which of the following statements is true regarding glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Which of the following statements is true regarding glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
Net filtration pressure is the difference between glomerular capillary pressure, capsule hydrostatic pressure, and:
Net filtration pressure is the difference between glomerular capillary pressure, capsule hydrostatic pressure, and:
Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid?
Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid?
The hormone that primarily regulates sodium balance in the body is:
The hormone that primarily regulates sodium balance in the body is:
What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?
What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?
Hyperkalemia is characterized by:
Hyperkalemia is characterized by:
A buffer is a substance that:
A buffer is a substance that:
Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?
Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?
Which condition can result from hyperventilation, leading to a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels?
Which condition can result from hyperventilation, leading to a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels?
The primary method by which kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis is by:
The primary method by which kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis is by:
The hormone that directly stimulates the kidneys to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption is:
The hormone that directly stimulates the kidneys to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption is:
Which hormone is released by the right atrium of the heart in response to increased blood volume?
Which hormone is released by the right atrium of the heart in response to increased blood volume?
Aldosterone primarily targets which part of the nephron?
Aldosterone primarily targets which part of the nephron?
What is the primary source of water intake in the human body?
What is the primary source of water intake in the human body?
Insensible water loss occurs through:
Insensible water loss occurs through:
Dehydration triggers the release of which hormone to conserve water?
Dehydration triggers the release of which hormone to conserve water?
The process by which sodium ions are reabsorbed in the kidney is primarily driven by:
The process by which sodium ions are reabsorbed in the kidney is primarily driven by:
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water and essential nutrients?
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water and essential nutrients?
What is the main function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
What is the main function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Where does most of the water reabsorption occur in the nephron?
Where does most of the water reabsorption occur in the nephron?
The primary purpose of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is:
The primary purpose of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is:
Urea contributes to the kidney's ability to concentrate urine by:
Urea contributes to the kidney's ability to concentrate urine by:
Which part of the nephron is primarily impermeable to water but permeable to solutes?
Which part of the nephron is primarily impermeable to water but permeable to solutes?
In the process of urea recycling, urea enters the nephron in which location?
In the process of urea recycling, urea enters the nephron in which location?
Which of the following helps maintain the medullary concentration gradient?
Which of the following helps maintain the medullary concentration gradient?
The intracellular fluid compartment makes up approximately what percentage of total body weight?
The intracellular fluid compartment makes up approximately what percentage of total body weight?
The extracellular fluid compartment is subdivided into which two main areas?
The extracellular fluid compartment is subdivided into which two main areas?
The primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is:
The primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is:
Which ion serves as the major contributor to osmotic pressure in the ECF?
Which ion serves as the major contributor to osmotic pressure in the ECF?
Which hormone decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water excretion?
Which hormone decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water excretion?
Hypernatremia refers to an abnormal increase in:
Hypernatremia refers to an abnormal increase in:
Which ion is crucial for maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells?
Which ion is crucial for maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells?
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the blood?
What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the blood?
The body loses the most water through:
The body loses the most water through:
The thirst mechanism is triggered by:
The thirst mechanism is triggered by:
Which hormone directly influences the kidneys to retain water without affecting sodium?
Which hormone directly influences the kidneys to retain water without affecting sodium?
Severe dehydration may lead to a decrease in which hormone's release?
Severe dehydration may lead to a decrease in which hormone's release?
Hyponatremia is a condition in which:
Hyponatremia is a condition in which:
Hypokalemia refers to:
Hypokalemia refers to:
An increase in extracellular calcium levels will:
An increase in extracellular calcium levels will:
Which electrolyte is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission?
Which electrolyte is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission?
Respiratory acidosis can result from:
Respiratory acidosis can result from:
Flashcards
Urinary System Function
Urinary System Function
Eliminates waste, regulates blood volume/pressure, controls solute concentrations, contributes to red blood cell synthesis.
Kidney Blood Flow
Kidney Blood Flow
20% of cardiac output per minute is filtered by the kidneys.
Kidney Vitamin D
Kidney Vitamin D
Kidneys produce vitamin D, crucial for regulating blood calcium.
Renal Cortex
Renal Cortex
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Renal Medulla
Renal Medulla
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Renal Pelvis
Renal Pelvis
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Nephron
Nephron
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Renal Corpuscle
Renal Corpuscle
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Glomerular Filtration
Glomerular Filtration
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Filtrate
Filtrate
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Urine
Urine
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Tubular Reabsorption
Tubular Reabsorption
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Loop of Henle
Loop of Henle
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ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
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ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone
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Renal Artery
Renal Artery
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Afferent Arteriole
Afferent Arteriole
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Vasa Recta
Vasa Recta
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Juxtamedullary Nephrons
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Cortical Nephrons
Cortical Nephrons
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Acid-Base Balance (Kidneys)
Acid-Base Balance (Kidneys)
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Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
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Study Notes
Urinary System Function
- The urinary system eliminates waste products, regulates blood volume and pressure, controls blood solute concentrations, and contributes to red blood cell synthesis.
- The kidneys filter approximately 21% of the cardiac output per minute.
- The kidneys produce vitamin D, which helps regulate blood calcium levels.
Kidney Structure
- The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, containing the glomeruli and renal corpuscles.
- The renal medulla is the inner layer containing renal pyramids, minor calyces, and renal papilla.
- The renal pelvis collects urine before it enters the ureter.
Nephron Structure and Function
- The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
- The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
- Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, where blood pressure forces plasma and small molecules into the nephron.
Filtrate vs. Urine
- Filtrate is the liquid initially filtered from the blood in the glomerulus and contains both waste products and essential nutrients.
- Urine is the final product of filtration and reabsorption, containing primarily waste products.
Tubular Reabsorption
- Tubular reabsorption is the process of reabsorbing essential substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
- Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed.
- Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption, leading to water reabsorption and blood volume regulation.
Loop of Henle
- The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the medulla, enhancing urine concentration.
Hormones and Their Functions
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, conserving water.
- Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes sodium excretion, reducing blood volume.
- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
Blood Pathway Through the Kidney
- Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into smaller vessels.
- The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.
- The vasa recta surrounds the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons, supplying blood to the medulla.
Types of Nephrons
- Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle, contributing to urine concentration.
- Cortical nephrons are primarily responsible for filtering and reabsorbing essential nutrients.
Acid-Base Balance Regulation
- The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by secreting excess H+ ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
- The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most effective buffer system in the blood plasma.
Fluid Compartments
- Intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF) is comprised of plasma and interstitial fluid.
- Sodium is the primary cation in ECF and contributes significantly to osmotic pressure.
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium
- Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion.
- ANP increases sodium excretion, decreasing blood volume.
Water Loss and Dehydration
- The majority of water loss occurs through urine production.
- Dehydration is triggered by high blood osmolality, leading to ADH release and water conservation.
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hyponatremia is low blood sodium.
- Hypokalemia is low blood potassium.
- Calcium is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission.
Acid-Base Disorders
- Respiratory acidosis results from decreased carbon dioxide elimination.
- Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to excess bicarbonate or loss of acid, such as through vomiting.
- The body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing H+ secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys.
Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology
- The bladder can hold approximately 1 liter of urine before triggering the micturition reflex.
- The micturition reflex is initiated when bladder walls stretch.
- The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the exterior.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the functions and structures of the urinary system, including the kidneys and nephrons. The quiz covers everything from waste elimination to renal anatomy and nephron functions. Perfect for students studying human physiology or anatomy!
