Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 1
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Questions and Answers

Metabolic alkalosis may result from which of the following?

  • Respiratory failure
  • Increased CO2 levels
  • High blood potassium levels
  • Severe vomiting (correct)
  • Low blood pH

    • Which condition is characterized by a pH of body fluids above 7.45?

  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Acidosis
  • Metabolic acidosis
  • Acidemia
  • Alkalosis (correct)

    • How does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis?

  • By decreasing respiratory rate
  • By lowering blood glucose levels
  • By increasing bicarbonate reabsorption in kidneys (correct)
  • By decreasing renal H+ secretion
  • By increasing blood calcium levels

    • Which buffer system is most effective in the blood plasma?

    <p>Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bladder is capable of holding approximately how much urine before triggering the micturition reflex?

    <p>1 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The urethra differs between males and females primarily in:

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The micturition reflex is initiated by:

    <p>The stretching of bladder walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

    <p>Regulation of body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cardiac output is filtered by the kidneys per minute?

    <p>21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidneys help regulate blood calcium levels by synthesizing which vitamin?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

    <p>Ureter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The basic functional unit of the kidney is:

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outer layer of the kidney is known as the:

    <p>Renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure collects urine within the kidney before it moves into the ureter?

    <p>Renal pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and:

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtration of blood in the kidneys occurs at the:

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the renal medulla?

    <p>Renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Filtrate differs from urine in that it:

    <p>Contains useful substances like glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does filtrate first form in the kidney?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process in which substances are actively transported from the blood into the filtrate is:

    <p>Tubular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone increases the reabsorption of sodium in the kidneys?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The loop of Henle primarily contributes to the kidney's ability to:

    <p>Concentrate urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ADH affects which part of the nephron most significantly?

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) helps to:

    <p>Reduce blood volume by increasing sodium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Blood enters the kidney via which artery?

    <p>Renal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vessels directly supplies blood to the glomerulus?

    <p>Afferent arteriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The vasa recta primarily supplies blood to:

    <p>Loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The renal columns are extensions of which structure?

    <p>Renal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Juxtamedullary nephrons differ from cortical nephrons in that they:

    <p>Have longer loops of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of cortical nephrons is:

    <p>Filtration and reabsorption of essential nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in urine formation involves the movement of water and small molecules from the blood into the nephron?

    <p>Filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the filtrate is reabsorbed during the process of tubular reabsorption?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

    <p>It is the amount of filtrate produced per minute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Net filtration pressure is the difference between glomerular capillary pressure, capsule hydrostatic pressure, and:

    <p>Blood colloid osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that primarily regulates sodium balance in the body is:

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland?

    <p>High blood osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperkalemia is characterized by:

    <p>High levels of potassium in extracellular fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A buffer is a substance that:

    <p>Absorbs or releases H+ ions to maintain pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which buffer system is the most abundant in intracellular fluid?

    <p>Protein buffer system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can result from hyperventilation, leading to a decrease in blood carbon dioxide levels?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary method by which kidneys compensate for metabolic acidosis is by:

    <p>Increasing H+ secretion and reabsorbing bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hormone that directly stimulates the kidneys to conserve water by increasing water reabsorption is:

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the right atrium of the heart in response to increased blood volume?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aldosterone primarily targets which part of the nephron?

    <p>Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of water intake in the human body?

    <p>Drinking fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insensible water loss occurs through:

    <p>Sweat and respiratory passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dehydration triggers the release of which hormone to conserve water?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which sodium ions are reabsorbed in the kidney is primarily driven by:

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for reabsorbing water and essential nutrients?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

    <p>Sodium and chloride reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does most of the water reabsorption occur in the nephron?

    <p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is:

    <p>Regulating electrolyte and acid-base balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Urea contributes to the kidney's ability to concentrate urine by:

    <p>Creating an osmotic gradient in the medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is primarily impermeable to water but permeable to solutes?

    <p>Ascending limb of the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the process of urea recycling, urea enters the nephron in which location?

    <p>Descending limb of the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following helps maintain the medullary concentration gradient?

    <p>Countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intracellular fluid compartment makes up approximately what percentage of total body weight?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extracellular fluid compartment is subdivided into which two main areas?

    <p>Plasma and interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is:

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion serves as the major contributor to osmotic pressure in the ECF?

    <p>Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone decreases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, promoting water excretion?

    <p>Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypernatremia refers to an abnormal increase in:

    <p>Blood sodium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion is crucial for maintaining the resting membrane potential of cells?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the blood?

    <p>It increases potassium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The body loses the most water through:

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thirst mechanism is triggered by:

    <p>High blood osmolality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone directly influences the kidneys to retain water without affecting sodium?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Severe dehydration may lead to a decrease in which hormone's release?

    <p>ANP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyponatremia is a condition in which:

    <p>Plasma sodium levels are too low</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypokalemia refers to:

    <p>Low blood potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in extracellular calcium levels will:

    <p>Prevent membrane depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which electrolyte is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory acidosis can result from:

    <p>Decreased CO2 elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Urinary System Function

    • The urinary system eliminates waste products, regulates blood volume and pressure, controls blood solute concentrations, and contributes to red blood cell synthesis.
    • The kidneys filter approximately 21% of the cardiac output per minute.
    • The kidneys produce vitamin D, which helps regulate blood calcium levels.

    Kidney Structure

    • The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, containing the glomeruli and renal corpuscles.
    • The renal medulla is the inner layer containing renal pyramids, minor calyces, and renal papilla.
    • The renal pelvis collects urine before it enters the ureter.

    Nephron Structure and Function

    • The nephron is the basic functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
    • The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
    • Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, where blood pressure forces plasma and small molecules into the nephron.

    Filtrate vs. Urine

    • Filtrate is the liquid initially filtered from the blood in the glomerulus and contains both waste products and essential nutrients.
    • Urine is the final product of filtration and reabsorption, containing primarily waste products.

    Tubular Reabsorption

    • Tubular reabsorption is the process of reabsorbing essential substances from the filtrate back into the blood.
    • Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed.
    • Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption, leading to water reabsorption and blood volume regulation.

    Loop of Henle

    • The loop of Henle creates a concentration gradient in the medulla, enhancing urine concentration.

    Hormones and Their Functions

    • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, conserving water.
    • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes sodium excretion, reducing blood volume.
    • Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

    Blood Pathway Through the Kidney

    • Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into smaller vessels.
    • The afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus.
    • The vasa recta surrounds the loop of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons, supplying blood to the medulla.

    Types of Nephrons

    • Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle, contributing to urine concentration.
    • Cortical nephrons are primarily responsible for filtering and reabsorbing essential nutrients.

    Acid-Base Balance Regulation

    • The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by secreting excess H+ ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
    • The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is the most effective buffer system in the blood plasma.

    Fluid Compartments

    • Intracellular fluid (ICF) accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight.
    • Extracellular fluid (ECF) is comprised of plasma and interstitial fluid.
    • Sodium is the primary cation in ECF and contributes significantly to osmotic pressure.

    Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

    • Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion.
    • ANP increases sodium excretion, decreasing blood volume.

    Water Loss and Dehydration

    • The majority of water loss occurs through urine production.
    • Dehydration is triggered by high blood osmolality, leading to ADH release and water conservation.

    Electrolyte Imbalances

    • Hyponatremia is low blood sodium.
    • Hypokalemia is low blood potassium.
    • Calcium is essential for muscle contraction and nerve transmission.

    Acid-Base Disorders

    • Respiratory acidosis results from decreased carbon dioxide elimination.
    • Metabolic alkalosis occurs due to excess bicarbonate or loss of acid, such as through vomiting.
    • The body compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing H+ secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys.

    Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology

    • The bladder can hold approximately 1 liter of urine before triggering the micturition reflex.
    • The micturition reflex is initiated when bladder walls stretch.
    • The urethra transports urine from the bladder to the exterior.

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    Anatomy Test 4 Question Set 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the functions and structures of the urinary system, including the kidneys and nephrons. The quiz covers everything from waste elimination to renal anatomy and nephron functions. Perfect for students studying human physiology or anatomy!

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