Anatomy Practical 1 PDF

Experiment:To Study Human Skeleton System. [INTRODUCTION] Anatomy: A field in the [[biological sciences]](https://www.britannica.com/science/biology) concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things. Gross anatomy involves the study of major body structures...

Experiment:To Study Human Skeleton System. [INTRODUCTION] Anatomy: A field in the [[biological sciences]](https://www.britannica.com/science/biology) concerned with the identification and description of the body structures of living things. Gross anatomy involves the study of major body structures by dissection and observation and in its narrowest sense is concerned only with the [[human body]](https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body). "Gross anatomy" customarily refers to the study of those body structures large enough to be examined without the help of magnifying devices, while microscopic anatomy is concerned with the study of structural units small enough to be seen only with a light [[microscope]](https://www.britannica.com/technology/microscope). **Human skeleton**, the internal [[skeleton]](https://www.britannica.com/science/skeleton) that serves as a framework for the body. This framework consists of many individual [[bones]](https://www.britannica.com/science/bone-anatomy) and [[cartilages]](https://www.britannica.com/science/cartilage). There also are bands of fibrous [[connective tissue]](https://www.britannica.com/science/connective-tissue)---the [[ligaments]](https://www.britannica.com/science/ligament) and the [[tendons]](https://www.britannica.com/science/tendon)---in [[intimate]](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intimate) relationship with the parts of the skeleton. Features BONES:The human skeleton of an adult usually consists of around 206 bones.It is composed of 270 bones at the time of birth,but later decreases to 206: 80 bones in the axial skeleton and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton. 172 of 206 bones are part of a pair and the remaining 34 are unpaired.The **axial skeleton** is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is composed of six parts; the skull (22 bones), also the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column.The **appendicular skeleton** is the portion of the vertebrate endoskeleton consisting of the bones and cartilages that support the paired appendages ( limbs). There are 126 bones in the human appendicular skeleton, includes the skeletal elements within the shoulder and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs, and hands and feet.A **bone** is a rigid organ[\[1\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone#cite_note-BoneOrgan-1) that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. Five types of bones are found in the human body: long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid. - Long bones are characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis, that is much longer than its width; and by an epiphysis, a rounded head at each end of the shaft. They are made up mostly of compact bone, with lesser amounts of marrow, located within the medullary cavity, and areas of spongy, cancellous bone at the ends of the bones.Most bones of the limbs, including those of the fingers and toes, are long bones. The exceptions are the eight carpal bones of the wrist, the seven articulating tarsal bones of the ankle and the sesamoid bone of the kneecap. - 603\_Anatomy\_of\_Long\_Bone - Short bones are roughly cube-shaped, and have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. Short bones provide stability and support as well as some limited motion. The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones. Flat bones are thin and generally curved, with two parallel layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Most of the bones of the skull are flat bones, as is the sternum.Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. Since they act to hold the tendon further away from the joint, the angle of the tendon is increased and thus the leverage of the muscle is increased. Examples of sesamoid bones are the patella and the pisiform.Irregular bones do not fit into the above categories. They consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior. As implied by the name, their shapes are irregular and complicated. Often this irregular shape is due to their many centers of ossification or because they contain bony sinuses. The bones of the spine, pelvis, and some bones of the skull are irregular bones. Examples include the ethmoid and sphenoid bones. printable-human-skeleton-744x1022  skeletal-system-pelvis **Connective tissue** is one of the four primary types of [animal tissue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Animal_tissue), along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.**Connective tissue proper** consists of **loose connective tissue** (including reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue) and **dense connective tissue** (subdivided into dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues.) Dense regular connective tissue, found in structures such as tendons and ligaments, is characterized by collagen fibers arranged in an orderly parallel fashion, giving it tensile strength in one direction.A **tendon** or **sinew** is a tough band of dense fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.A **ligament** is the [fibrous connective tissue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue#Types) that connects bones to other bones. **Skeletal muscle** (commonly referred to as **muscle**) is one of the three types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the other being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. They are part of the voluntary muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton.The skeletal muscle cells are much longer than in the other types of muscle tissue, and are also known as *muscle fibers*.  19085e33aebc3beed52ca7a004be6760