Anatomy LC1: Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF,University of Northern Philippines, Batch 2028

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ANATOMY LC1- INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, BATCH 2028 DR. VILLANUEVADE GRANO | 0...

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES ANATOMY LC1- INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, BATCH 2028 DR. VILLANUEVADE GRANO | 08/05/2024 COURSE OUTLINE B. Surface Anatomy I. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY A. Brief History This method aims to visualize structures that II. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF confer contour to the surface. ANATOMY In clinical practice: distinguish any unusual A. Regional Anatomy findings that are palpable. B. Surface Anatomy Enhance knowledge from dissection. It is also part of regional anatomy. C. Systemic Anatomy III. DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY C. Systemic Anatomy IV. LEVELS OF ANATOMIC ORGANIZATION V. DIFFERENT BODY SYSTEMS Study of the body’s organ systems that work VI. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY together to carry out complex functions. A. Anatomic Position B. Planes and Sections III. DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY C. Terms of Relationship and Comparison D. Terms of Laterality A. Gross Anatomy E. Body Cavities F. Body Regions Structures seen with the naked eye. ○ e.g., muscles, bones, various organs I. INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY A. Brief History ANATOMY - From the Greek words “anatome: “dissection” + logos: study of” = “study of dissection." It is the science of the structure and function of the body. At least 2000 BCE ○ Plate tablets (Ancient Mesopotamia) ○ Babylonians ○ Assyrians Edwin Smith Papyrus (Ancient Egyptian medical text = first recorded embalmers) Herophilus: Father of Anatomy – 1st recorded dissection of human Leonardo Da Vinci: – Integrated art and science to produce vivid illustrations of the human form. – Pioneered the depiction of cross-sectional anatomy. Andreas Vesalius: Father of Modern Anatomy ○ De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem: 1st illustrated anatomy textbook. Figure 1: Major parts of the body II. APPROACHES TO STUDYING ANATOMY B. Microscopic Anatomy A. Regional Anatomy Structures that cannot be seen with the naked eye. (Topographical Anatomy) Use of a microscope. Organization of the human body as major parts or Cytology Histology segments. Study of cells using Study of tissues using Focuses on a specific part, area, or region. biological methods scientific methods The arrangement and relationships of various systemic structures. Embryology Study adjacent regions in an ordered sequence. Study of various changes in the developing The body’s organization by layers. organism Fertilization of the ovum to birth. BATCH 2028 1A 1 ANATOMY LC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. DE GRANO, A.P. 08/05/2024 C. Applied/ Clinical Anatomy – Also carries other blood cells like WBCs and other chemicals that protect the body. Direct application of facts of human anatomy to HEART medicine and surgery. – pumps blood to all parts of the body. 5. LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE SYSTEM (Immunology) STRUCTURE Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, thymus, and bone marrow. FUNCTION – Recovers fluid for tissue drainage – Cleans the blood – Houses the cells involved in immunity 6. NERVOUS SYSTEM (Neurology) STRUCTURE Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors. FUNCTION – Responds to external and internal signals. Figure 2: Levels of anatomic organizations – Controlling and coordinating the activities of different organ systems. IV. LEVELS OF ANATOMIC ORGANIZATIONS 7. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Endocrinology) STRUCTURE Major Body Tissues Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovary, and testes. Surface skin cells (Epithelium) FUNCTION Connective tissue – Directs long-term changes using hormones Muscle – Aids in growth, reproduction, food use, and Nervous tissue metabolism. V. DIFFERENT BODY SYSTEMS 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Pulmonology) STRUCTURE Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Dermatology) bronchi, and lungs. STRUCTURE FUNCTION Skin (largest organ by surface area) and temperature, – Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange takes pressure, and pain receptors. place. FUNCTION Protects, cushions, waterproofs, excretes salt and 9. DIGESTIVE/ALIMENTARY SYSTEM urea (excretory), and regulates temperature (Gastroenterology) (thermoregulatory). STRUCTURE Form the body’s outer covering Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum, liver, pancreas. 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM (Osteology and Arthrology) FUNCTION STRUCTURE Processing food, absorption of organic nutrients, Bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints. minerals, vitamins, and water, and elimination of FUNCTION undigested materials. Support, provide basis for movement, protection, hematopoiesis (in the long medulla): formation of red 10. URINARY SYSTEM blood cells, mineral storage. STRUCTURE Kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra. 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Myology) FUNCTION STRUCTURE Excretes nitrogen-containing waste (formed during Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles. protein break down), maintains water and salt FUNCTION balance, controls blood pH. Muscles contract (shorten) and provide movement, support, heat production. 4. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (Cardiology and Angiology) STRUCTURE Heart and blood vessels. FUNCTION BLOOD: – Carrier of nutrients, waste materials, and gasses. BATCH 2028 1A 2 ANATOMY LC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. DE GRANO, A.P. 08/05/2024 11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (Gynecology [Female] and Andrology [Male]) STRUCTURES Male: testes (produce sperm), scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system. Female: ovary (produce eggs), uterine, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina. FUNCTION Production of sex cells and hormones to produce offspring. VI. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY A. Anatomical Position Standing upright. Head, gaze, and toes directed anteriorly (forward). Arms adjacent to the side with the palms facing anteriorly. ANATOMICAL SECTIONS Lower limbs close together with feet parallel. Longitudinal Transverse Oblique Section sections (Cross sections section) Lengthwise or Slices of the Slices of the parallel to the body or its parts body or any of its long axis of the that are cut at parts that are not body or any of its right angles cut along the parts. (perpendicular) previously listed to the anatomical longitudinal axis planes. of the body or any of its parts. Figure 3: Anatomical position and landmark Figure 5. Sections of the limbs. B. Planes And Section C. Terms of Relationship and Comparison ANATOMICAL PLANES Describe the position of one structure relative to another. Sagittal planes Frontal or Transverse or Relative to the front or back of the body. Coronal planes Cross section Relative to the head or tail of the body. planes Relative to the midline or center of the body. Relative to the point of attachment of the Vertical planes Vertical plane Horizontal appendages. that divide the that divides the planes that body into right body into divide the body and left sides. anterior (front) into superior Anterior(ventral) Front of the body and posterior (upper) and MID SAGITTAL (back) parts. inferior (lower) Posterior (dorsal) Back of the body PLANE: Straight parts. down the center e.g., the nose is on the anterior side of the head, whereas of the body. the buttocks are on the posterior side of the body. Palmar vs. Dorsal Anterior hand (palm): palmar Posterior hand (dorsum): dorsal Figure 4. Planes of the Body BATCH 2028 1A 3 ANATOMY LC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. DE GRANO, A.P. 08/05/2024 Plantar vs. Dorsal Inferior foot surface (sole): plantar. Superior foot surface (dorsum): dorsal. Medial Structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body Lateral Lies farther away from the median plane than another e.g., the eyes are lateral to the nose, and the nose is medial to the eyes. Superior (cranial, High or low with reference to the cephalic) upper and lower ends of the body. Inferior (caudal) e.g., the head is at the superior end of the body, whereas the feet are at the inferior end of the body. Proximal Closer to the core, root, or attached end of a reference point. Distal Further away from the core. e.g., in the upper limb, the shoulder is proximal to the elbow, and the hand is distal to the elbow). Superficial Closer to the surface Deep Farther away from the surface Figure 6. Anatomical terms in relation to position. e.g., the skin is superficial to the ribs, but the heart is D. Terms of Laterality deep to the ribs. Internal Inside the structure. Unilateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral External Outside the structure. On one Paired Same side Opposite side only, structures of the body side of the e.g., the thoracic cavity is an internal space in the trunk e.g., found on as another body relative of the body, whereas the skin is the appendix, either side or structure to another external layer of the trunk. cecum half of the e.g, the right structure body. thumb and e.g., the left Supine Lying down on the dorsal side. e.g., kidneys, right great arm with the eyes, ears, (big) toe are right foot. Prone Lying down on the ventral side. arms and feet ipsilateral Afferent Flow toward the reference point. Efferent Flow away from the reference point. e.g., venous blood is now afferent to the heart, and arterial blood flow is efferent to the heart. Figure 6. Four Major Body Lateralities BATCH 2028 1A 4 ANATOMY LC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. DE GRANO, A.P. 08/05/2024 Terms Related to Movement Flexion The joint angle is decreased (closed) during motion occurring in the sagittal e.g., flexion of plane, usually an anterior movement. It the elbow implies a relatively more powerful approximates antigravity movement directed toward the anterior the embryonic ventral aspect of the surface of the body. forearm to the anterior surface of the arm Extension The joint angle is increased (opened; straightened) in a sagittal plane. Dorsiflexion Describes flexion at the ankle joint, as occurs when walking uphill or lifting the front of the foot and toes off the ground Plantarflexion Moving the sole of the foot inferiorly (standing at your toes). Abduction Away from the midline of the body in the coronal plane. Adduction Toward the midline of the body in the coronal plane. e.g., in the fingers and toes, abduction is applied to the spreading apart of the digits, and adduction is applied to the drawing together of these structures. Inversion Turning the sole of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction Eversion Opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction. Rotation Movement of a part of the body around its long axis, with little to no movement through space Medial Anterior surface of the structure facing (Internal) medially rotation Lateral Anterior surface of the structure facing (external) laterally rotation Circumduction A complex sequence of movements combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation Pronation Turning the forearm medially in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (palms down). Supination Turning the forearm laterally from the pronated position so that the palm of the hand comes to faces anteriorly (palms up). Protraction Moving a body part forward Retraction Move a part backward. BATCH 2028 1A 5 ANATOMY LC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. DE GRANO, A.P. 08/05/2024 E. Body Cavities The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths and other structures that separate compartments. − The ventricular cavity is more flexible, while the dorsal cavity, on the other hand, is more rigid. − The smaller of the two main cavities is called the dorsal cavity. The dorsal cavity, again, can be divided into two portions. The upper portion, or the cranial cavity, houses the brain, and the lower portion, or vertebral canal, houses the spinal cord.. Figure 8. Dorsal and ventral cavities Figure 9. Ventral cavity - The ventral cavity consists of two main cavities, namely the thoracic cavity on the upper side, which is demarcated by the diaphragm at the center, where the abdominal cavity lies below. The thoracic cavity houses two cavities: the periphery-pleural cavity (which houses the lungs) and the middle-mediastinum (where the pericardial cavity is located and encloses the heart). Figure 7. Anatomical movements arranged in the order listed above. - The lower part of the ventral (abdominopelvic) cavity can be further divided into two portions: the abdominal portion and the pelvic portion. The abdominal cavity contains most of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is bound cranially (superiorly) by the diaphragm, laterally by the body wall, and caudally (inferiorly) by the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity BATCH 2028 1A 6 ANATOMY LC 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY Dr. DE GRANO, A.P. 08/05/2024 contains most of the urogenital system as well as the rectum. F. BODY REGIONS Axial and Appendicular Skeleton - The more detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and two vertical lines drawn as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle (collarbone). There are nine resulting regions. Figure 12. Axial and appendicular skeleton Figure 10. Nine abdominopelvic regions - The axial skeleton forms the vertical axis of the body. It consists of the skull, vertebral column, and - The simpler quadrants approach, which is more the thoracic cage, formed by the ribs and sternum. commonly used in medicine, subdivides the cavity with one - The appendicular skeleton is made up of all bones horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient’s of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles which umbilicus (navel). attach them to the axial skeleton. References: Wineski, L. E. (2019). Snell’s Clinical Anatomy by Regions. Atlanta: Wolters Kluwer. Moore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., & Agur, A.M. (2014). Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy: Wolters Kluwer. Figure 11. Four quadrants of the abdomen Dra. Ana Patricia Villanueva-de Grano lecture and PowerPoint presentation. BATCH 2028 1A 7