Anatomy Introduction Lecture 3, Dr. Rana M. Raoof, University of Mosul, PDF

University of Mosul College of Medicine Lecture: (three) Subject/year: Gross Anatomy/ 1st year Lecturer: Dr. Rana M. Raoof Department: Anatomy Date: 17/11/2024  The AIM of this lecture is Define joints and clarify its basic anatomical components and differentiate between different types of j...

University of Mosul College of Medicine Lecture: (three) Subject/year: Gross Anatomy/ 1st year Lecturer: Dr. Rana M. Raoof Department: Anatomy Date: 17/11/2024  The AIM of this lecture is Define joints and clarify its basic anatomical components and differentiate between different types of joints Understand the concept of Serous Membranes ❖ Intended learning outcomes: By the end of this lecture you will be able to: Joints: Define joints Classify different types of joints Identify the six types of synovial joints Differentiate between intraarticular and extraarticular ligaments Discuss factors affecting joint stability Serous membranes: Define Serous Membranes and Identify layers of Serous Membranes Discuss the importance of Serous Membranes Define and differentiate a bursa versus a synovial sheath  Bone internal cavities Red bone marrow (active) Yellow bone marrow (inactive) Air Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.  Red vs. Yellow Bone Marrow Quick Facts At birth, all bone marrow is red. Half of it is converted to yellow marrow by age seven. Marrow produces 200 billion new blood cells daily.. During emergencies the body converts yellow bone marrow to red to help keep us alive. Yellow marrow is found only in the long bones. Nearly 100,000 bone marrow transplants are conducted every year. Discuss situations where we need access to bone marrow Joints  Joints joints Solid Solid = no joint cavity joints fibrous Synovial = has joint cartilaginous cavity Fibrous joints  cartilaginous joints articular surface of bones are covered by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage Primary cartilaginous (Synchondrosis): bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage (temporary/permanent).No movement occurs in synchondroses Secondary cartilaginous (Symphysis): bones are united by a plate of fibrocartilage  Synovial Joint the articular surfaces of the bones are: covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity  Synovial membrane Line the cavity of the joint thin layer of hyaline cartilage fluid-filled joint cavity tough fibrous capsule (membrane) Synoveal fluid: A viscous fluid which is produced by the synovial membrane, lubricates the articular surfaces  Ligaments of Synoveal joints Intracapsular: are located within a joint space and bathed in synovial fluid Extracapsular: are either Extrinsic: outside the joint capsule Intrinsic: a thickened part of the joint capsule. Synovial joints can be classified according to the shapes of the articular surfaces types of possible movements Ball and socket Hinge joint Pivot joint Plane joint Saddle joint Condyloid joints  Factors affecting joint stability Shape of the articular surface Ligaments Muscle tone Nerve supply of the joint: Sensory nerves (pain fibers) are numerous in the fibrous capsule & ligaments of joints. The synovial membrane, is relatively insensitive. Joints transmit a sensation called proprioception, information that provides an awareness of movement and position of the parts of the body. Hilton's law: the nerve supplying the joint also supplies the muscle moving the joint & the skin over the insertion of these muscles. more than one Joint may receive the same nerve supply. For example, the obturator nerve supplies both the hip and knee joints. Thus, a patient with a disease limited to one of these joints may experience pain in both  Serous Membranes closed spaces lined by a thin membrane (mesothelium supported by a thin layer of connective tissue) contain a film of serous fluid. They are invaginated by organs  Serous Membranes e.g. pleura (around lung), pericardium (around heart), peritoneum (around viscera in abdomen), bursa & synovial sheaths. Innervation of serous membranes The parietal layer is richly supplied by spinal nerves. It is therefore sensitive to all common sensations such as touch and pain. The visceral layer is supplied by visceral afferent nerves. It is insensitve to touch and temperature but very sensitive to stretch.  Bursa closed fibrous sac lined internally with synovial membrane. Bursa is filled with viscous fluid ex. bursa around knee joint synovial sheath Tube like Synovial sheaths wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle Their function is to reduce friction between the tendon and its surrounding structures. ❖ To summarize Joints: Define joints Classify different types of joints Identify the six types of synovial joints Differentiate between intraarticular and extraarticular ligaments Discuss factors affecting joint stability Serous membranes: Define Serous Membranes and Identify layers of Serous Membranes Discuss the importance of Serous Membranes Define and differentiate a bursa versus a synovial sheath  Lets chek our knowledge The epihysial plate is a) The site of bone growth b) Located at the middle of the shaft of bone c) Composed of a plate of elastic cartilage d) Cannot be seen on XR e) Complete Ossification at late 40s of age  Lets chek our knowledge Joint dislocation can be due to a) Lack of ligamentous support b) Poor shape of articular surfaces c) inadequate muscular support d) All of the above References and recommended further readings: 1. Snell clinical anatomy by regions. 2. Gray anatomy of the human body. 3. Grant atlas of anatomy. The end