Anatomy Exam 2 Objectives PDF

1\. list and describe the four structural components that\ make up the skeletal system\ 2. describe the major functions of the skeletal system\ 3. describe the tissue characteristics of cartilage\ 4. describe the function and distribution of hyaline\ cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage\...

1\. list and describe the four structural components that\ make up the skeletal system\ 2. describe the major functions of the skeletal system\ 3. describe the tissue characteristics of cartilage\ 4. describe the function and distribution of hyaline\ cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage\ 5. describe the tissue characteristics of bones and identify\ general functions 6\. classify the four primary types of bones based on\ shape and provide examples of each\ 7. describe the anatomical structures associated with a\ typical long bone\ 8. describe the general blood supply and innervation of\ bones 1\. list and describe the different types of bone cells\ (osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes,\ osteoclasts) with respect to location and function\ 2. describe the structural organization of osteons, and\ identify osteon locations and functions in bones\ 3. compare and contrast the structures and locations of\ compact bone versus spongy bone\ 4. compare and contrast intramembranous and\ endochondral bone formation; provide examples of\ bones that form through each process 5\. identify the general location of the epiphyseal plates in\ long bones and outline the sequence of events associated\ with long bone growth in these regions\ 6. differentiate between interstitial growth and\ appositional growth processes in long bones 1\. identify and describe six types of bone fractures\ 2. outline the sequence of events associated with bone\ repair following a fracture\ 3. explain the changes in bones that occur due to aging\ 4. compare osteopenia and osteoporosis\ 5. propose modifiable (e.g., lifestyle choices) and non-\ modifiable factors that influence bone health, both\ positively and negatively\ 6. define common bone marking terms that describe the\ surface features of bones 1\. identify the general structures that make up the axial skeleton\ and the appendicular skeleton\ 2. list the 80 bones that make up the axial skeleton by category:\ skull (22 bones), associated bones of the skull (7), vertebral\ column (26), thoracic cage (25)\ 3. identify the cranial bones and the facial bones of the skull\ 4. locate and name the four sutures between cranial bones\ 5. identify the bony landmarks associated with the cranial bones\ that were described within this lecture\ 6. define "fossa" and identify the locations of the three cranial\ fossae name the fourteen facial bones\ 2. describe the general functions of the facial bones\ 3. identify the bony landmarks associated with the facial\ bones that were described within this lecture\ 4. describe the general structures and functions of the\ paranasal sinuses\ 5. list the bones that comprise the orbital complex 6\. identify the three auditory ossicles and the hyoid\ bones as bones associated with the skull; explain how\ they are different than other bones of the skull\ 7. Identify the four major fontanelles associated with the\ infant skull 1\. list the five regions and 26 vertebrae that comprise the vertebral\ column\ 2. describe the four main functions of the vertebral column\ 3. define the four spinal curvatures normally present in adults\ 4. Identify structural characteristics associated with most\ vertebrae: intervertebral discs, body, vertebral arch, vertebral\ foramen, pedicles, laminae, intervertebral foramina, spinous\ process, transverse processes, superior / inferior articular\ processes\ 5. Explain structural differences for the atlas, axis, and vertebral\ characteristics from different regions of the vertebral column 6\. identify the bony landmarks located on the sacrum and coccyx\ described within the lecture materials\ 7. describe the structural components of the thoracic cage and its\ general functions\ 8. list the three regions of the sternum\ 9. explain how the ribs articulate with the sternum and the\ vertebral column, naming the articulating structures\ 10. compare and contrast true, false, and floating ribs 1\. distinguish bones of the axial vs. appendicular skeleton\ 2. define the term "girdle", as it applies to the\ appendicular skeleton\ 3. name the bones of the pectoral girdle and describe\ their functions\ 4. describe the locations of the sternal end, acromial end,\ and conoid tubercle of the clavicle\ 5. identify the bony landmarks associated with the\ scapula that were described within this lecture 6\. list the 30 bones (per side of the body) that make up\ the upper limb\ 7. identify the bony landmarks for the humerus, radius,\ and ulna that were described within this lecture\ 8. review anatomical position and explain how it relates\ to the bones of the antebrachium\ 9. list the carpal bones and describe their relative\ locations in the proximal or distal rows of the wrist 10\. describe the anatomical arrangement of the\ metacarpal and phalangeal (proximal, middle, distal)\ bones that comprise the hand\ 11. explain how the digits are numbered\ 12. recognize "pollex" is the term associated with\ structures of the thumb 1\. list the 62 bones associated with the lower extremities\ 2. identify the 2 bones that make up the pelvic girdle, and\ compare with the structures of the bony pelvis\ 3. compare the relative locations of the ileum, ischium,\ and pubis on the os coxae\ 4. describe how the ox coxae articulate with surrounding\ bones\ 5. describe the location of the bony landmarks associated\ with the os coxae 6\. differentiate between the true pelvis and false pelvis\ 7. explain how knowledge of pelvic girdle anatomy can be\ used to deduce male versus female skeletons\ 8. list the 30 bones (per side) of the lower limbs and\ describe their relative positions\ 9. describe the location of the bony landmarks associated\ with the femur, patella, tibia, and fibula\ 10. describe the locations of the 7 tarsal bones 11\. describe the anatomical arrangement of the\ metacarpal and phalangeal (proximal, middle, distal)\ bones that comprise the foot\ 12. explain how the digits are numbered\ 13. recognize "hallux" is the term associated with\ structures of the great toe\ 14. list the three arches of the foot and describe their\ relative locations 1\. define the term "articulation" and explain the relationship\ between joint mobility and joint stability\ 2. describe the anatomical classification of joints based on\ structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial joints)\ 3. provide examples of different types of fibrous, cartilaginous, and\ synovial joints located in the human body\ 4. describe the functional classification of joints based on degree of\ movement allowed (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses)\ and provide examples of each\ 5. identify the major structural components of a typical synovial\ joint 6\. demonstrate movements that may occur at joints, including:\ flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation,\ circumduction, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction, and\ opposition 1\. For each of the joints listed below, identify the following:\ -- its structural and functional classification\ -- articulating structures\ -- characteristic features, ligaments, etc.\ -- Injuries that may occur\ Axial skeleton joints: Temporomandibular\ Joints of the pectoral girdle / upper limb: Glenohumeral, elbow,\ Joints of the pelvic girdle / lower limb: Hip, knee