Anatomy. Endocrine System. Chapter_34.pdf

CHAPTER The Endocrine System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or pa...

CHAPTER The Endocrine System © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-2 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 34.1 Describe the general functions of hormones and the endocrine system. 34.2 Identify the hormones released by the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and other hormone-producing organs, and give the functions of each. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 34.3 Explain the effect of stressors on the body. 34.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various endocrine disorders. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-4 Introduction The endocrine system includes the organs that secrete hormones Hormones – Regulate chemical reactions in cells – Control functions of the organs, tissues, and other cells bloodstream to Glands secrete hormones target tissues © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-5 Hormones Endocrine glands – Ductless – Release hormones Directly into target tissues Into bloodstream to be carried to target tissues Hormones – chemicals secreted by a cell that affect the functions of other cells © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-6 Types of Hormones Steroidal Hormones – Cross cell membrane – Bind to receptor in cell nucleus – Hormone-receptor complexes Turn a gene on or off Enable cell to carry out functions © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-7 Types of Hormones (cont.) Nonsteroidal hormones – Cannot cross the membrane – Bind to receptors on the membrane – Hormone-receptor complexes Activate G-proteins which turn on enzymes Cell takes on new functions © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-8 Types of Hormones (cont.) Prostaglandins – Derived from lipid molecules – Target cells are located close by – Produced by organs such as Kidneys Heart Stomach Uterus Brain © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-9 Negative and Positive Feedback Loops Negative feedback loop – hormone release stops in response to decrease in stimulus As body cells take up blood glucose, glucose levels in the blood decline, and insulin release stops (negative feedback). © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-10 Negative and Positive Feedback Loops Positive feedback loop – as long as stimulus is present, action of hormone continues Milk is released and the baby continues to feed © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-11 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Match the following: ___ E Chemicals that effect cell function A. Nonsteroidal hormone ___ B Easily cross cell membranes B. Steroidal hormone ___ A Made of amino acids C. G-protein ___ D Target nearby cells D. Prostaglandins ___ C Activated by hormone-receptor complex E. Hormones ___ A Cannot cross cell membranes easily ___ B Estrogen and cortisol © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-12 Hormone Production Hypothalamus – Hormones Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – Hormones transported to the posterior pituitary for storage – Directs posterior pituitary to release hormones © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-13 The Pituitary Gland Controlled by the hypothalamus Located at the base of the brain Two lobes – Anterior lobe – Posterior lobe © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-14 The Pituitary Gland (cont.) Anterior lobe Growth Hormone (GH) Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) Increase in size of muscles and bones Repair of tissues Synthesis of melanin Disbursement of melanin to skin cells Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones Thyroid-stimulating Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormone (TSH) hormones © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-15 The Pituitary Gland (cont.) Anterior lobe Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Females Production of estrogen Maturation of ova Males – sperm production Luteinizing hormone (LH) Females Ovulation Production of estrogen Prolactin (PRL) Females – milk production Males – enhances LH Males – production of testosterone © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-16 The Pituitary Gland (cont.) Posterior lobe Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Stimulates kidneys to conserve water Decreases urine output Maintains blood pressure Oxytocin (OT) Females Uterine contractions Ejection of milk Males – contraction of the prostate and vas deferens © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. The Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 34-17 Thyroid Gland – Follicles ~ store hormones – Hormones Thyroid hormones – Increase energy production – Stimulate protein synthesis – Speed up repair of damaged tissues Calcitonin – lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. The Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 34-18 Parathyroid glands – Posterior surface of thyroid gland – Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) – An agonist to calcitonin Raises blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-19 The Adrenal Glands Adrenal medulla – Central portion – Hormones produce same effects as the sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine Norepinephrine © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-20 The Adrenal Glands (cont.) Adrenal cortex – Two main hormones Aldosterone – Stimulates body to retain sodium – Important in maintaining BP Cortisol – Released when stressed – Decreases protein synthesis, resulting in slowed tissue repair – Decreases inflammation © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-21 The Pancreas Has both exocrine and endocrine functions Exocrine gland – secretes digestive enzymes into a duct leading to the small intestine Endocrine gland – secrete hormones into blood stream © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-22 The Pancreas (cont.) Islets of Langerhans – Cells with endocrine function Alpha cells secrete glucagon Beta cells secrete insulin Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis Blood glucose concentrations Protein synthesis © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-23 Other Hormone-Producing Organs Pineal body – melatonin – Regulates circadian rhythms – May play a role in onset of puberty Thymus gland – thymosin © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-24 Other Hormone-Producing Organs (cont.) The gonads – Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone – Testes Testosterone Stomach – gastrin © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-25 Other Hormone-Producing Organs (cont.) Small intestine – Secretin – Cholecystokinin Heart – atrial natriuretic peptide ~ regulates blood pressure Kidneys – erythropoietin ~ stimulates blood cell production © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-26 Apply Your Knowledge 1. Match the following: ANSWER: H Produces melatonin ___ C Milk production ___ A Maturation of ova and sperm production ___ I Sodium retention ___ B Conservation of water ___ E Produces erythropoietin ___ D Increases cellular energy production G Lowers blood calcium levels F Released during stress A. Follicle-stimulating hormone B. ADH C. Prolactin D. Thyroid hormone E. Kidneys F. Cortisol G. Calcitonin H. Pineal body I. Aldosterone © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-27 Apply Your Knowledge 2. What are the effects of insulin and glucagon? ANSWER: Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration and increases protein synthesis. Glucagon does just the opposite. It increases blood glucose and decreases protein synthesis. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-28 The Stress Response Stressor – Any stimulus that produces stress – Types Physical factors Psychological factors Positive stimuli © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-29 The Stress Response (cont.) General stress syndrome – Physiologic response to stress – Caused by hormone release – Effects Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and BP Increase in glucose and fatty acids in blood Increase in cortisol © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-30 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: ___ A Extreme heat A. Physical stress ___ B Death of friend B. Psychological stress ___ A Fractured leg C. Positive stimulus ___ C Wedding ___ B Exam ___ B Hearing an explosion nearby ___ C “A” on an exam ___ A Flu ___ B Car stolen © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System 34-31 Disease/Disorder Description Acromegaly Addison’s disease Enlargement of bones and thickened skin Causes: Too much growth hormone produced in adults; tumor of pituitary Adrenal gland fails to produce enough corticosteroids Cause is unknown – possibly an autoimmune dysfunction; cancer © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) 34-32 Disease/Disorder Description Cushing’s disease Diabetes insipidus Moon face, buffalo hump, thin arms and legs; large abdomen Hypercortisolism Causes: excessive production of ACTH; tumor of the adrenal gland or pituitary gland; long term use of steroids Kidneys fail to reabsorb water, resulting in excessive urination Cause: hyposecretion of ADH © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) 34-33 Disease/Disorder Description Diabetes mellitus Type I Type II Gestational Chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; usually develops in childhood Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; primarily in adults but increased incidence in teens Occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) 34-34 Disease/Disorder Description Dwarfism Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or palate, delayed puberty Causes: Too little growth hormone produced during childhood; trauma to or tumor of the pituitary gland © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) 34-35 Disease/Disorder Description Gigantism Goiter Very tall, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial bones Causes: Too much growth hormone produced during childhood; pituitary gland tumor Enlargement of thyroid gland, causing swelling in neck Cause: deficiency of iodine in diet © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. Common Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Graves’ disease Hyperthyroidism 34-36 Exophthalmos; goiter Causes: antibodies attack the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone; autoimmune disorder © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-37 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) Disease/Disorder Description Cretinism Myxedema Severe hypothyroidism present prior to or soon after birth Causes: absence or malformation of thyroid gland; abnormal formation of thyroid hormones; pituitary failure Severe form of hypothyroidism Causes: removal of thyroid gland; radiation treatments to neck; obesity; may be congenital © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-38 Correct! Apply Your Knowledge True or False: ANSWER: ___ F Acromegaly develops as a result of too much growth hormone in a child. in an adult T In diabetes insipidus, the kidneys fail to reabsorb water. ___ T Too little growth hormone in childhood results in dwarfism. ___ F Myxedema is the result of hyperthyroidism. ___ hypothyroidism ___ T Addison’s disease is the result of too little corticosteroid. F Cushing’s disease is the result of too little ACTH. ___ too much ACTH F Cretinism is an extreme form of hyperthyroidism present at birth. ___ hypothyroidism © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-39 In Summary 34.1 Endocrine glands are ductless glands, releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream and tissues. The organs of the endocrine system produce hormones that regulate the chemical reactions within cells, controlling the functions of organs, tissues, and other cells. Hormone levels are controlled by positive and negative feedback loops. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-40 In Summary (cont.) 34.2 The pituitary gland releases: GH, MSH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ADH, and OT. The thyroid gland releases calcitonin, T 3, and T 4. The parathyroid gland releases PTH. The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone and cortisol. The hormonereleasing of cells in the pancreas release glucagon and insulin. The pineal body releases melatonin; the thymus releases thymosin and thymopoietin; ovaries release estrogen and progesterone (females); and the testes (males) release testosterone. The kidneys produce erythropoietin, and the heart produces atrial natriuretic peptide. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-41 In Summary (cont.) 34.3 Stressors are stimuli that produce a stress response, a physiologic response to the stimulus that changes the body’s functioning in some way. 34.4 The diseases and disorders of the endocrine system are as varied as the organs and hormone dysfunctions that cause them. An overview of these conditions is found in Table 34-2. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 34-42 End of Chapter 34 Its not stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it. ~ Hans Selye © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.