Anatomy Bones UL 2022 PDF

Bones of Upper limb BONES OF UPPER LIMB 1 Bones of Upper limb  The bones of upper limb include: 1- Bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle: clavicle and scapula. 2- Bone of the arm: The humerus. 3- Bones of the forearm: Radius (laterally) and ulna...

Bones of Upper limb BONES OF UPPER LIMB 1 Bones of Upper limb  The bones of upper limb include: 1- Bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle: clavicle and scapula. 2- Bone of the arm: The humerus. 3- Bones of the forearm: Radius (laterally) and ulna (medially). 4- Bones of the hand: Carpal and metacarpal bones and phalanges. I) Clavicle * It is a long bone which has 2 ends and a shaft. * The 2 ends are medial or sternal end & lateral or acromial end. * Its medial part is prismatic in shape while its lateral part is flat from above downwards. *The shaft: It has 2 surfaces (upper & lower) & 2 borders (anterior & posterior). Its medial 2/3 is convex anteriorly ( to allow passage of vessels & nerves from neck to axilla) while its lateral 1/3 is convex posterioly ( to articulate with scapula ). Its lower surface show ,from medial to lateral, impression for costoclavicular ligament , subclavius groove , foramen for nutrient artery , conoid tubercle & trapezoid ridge. *Type: Unlike other long bones, the clavicle differes in the following: 2 Bones of Upper limb A. It has no medullary cavity consisting of a mass of spongy bone covered by a layer of compact bone. B. It is formed by membranous ossification, therefore it is the first long bone to ossify in the embryo. C. It is the only long bone placed horizontally. * Function: A. It hangs the upper limb away from the trunk allowing it to freely away from the trunk. B. It transmits weight and forces from upper limb to the axial skeleton. C. It protects the vessels and nerves running behind it. * Applied anatomy: It is the commonest bone to be fractured in the U.L. The middle 1/3 is the commonest site to be fractured. 3 Bones of Upper limb prismatic shape 4 Bones of Upper limb 5 Bones of Upper limb 6 Bones of Upper limb 7 Bones of Upper limb II) Scapula  It is a flat bone , lies in an oblique plane on the postero- lateral aspect of the upper part of chest wall which has: I) 2 surfaces: 1- Anterior (ventral or costal) surface: forms the subscapular fossa. 2- Posterior (Dorsal) surface: presents the spine of scapula which has 2 crest (free posterior borders) and free lateral border , acromion process (has medial & lateral borders), supraspinous fossa & infraspinous fossa connected through spino-glenoid notch. II) 3 borders: thin medial , thick lateral & superior borders (which presents the supra-scapular notch and lateral to it is the coracoid process). III) 3 angles : inferior, superior & lateral (presents the head , neck and glenoid cavity ).Notice the supraglenoid & infraglenoid tubercles). 8 Bones of Upper limb 9 Bones of Upper limb 10 Bones of Upper limb 11 Bones of Upper limb 12 Bones of Upper limb III) Humerus  It is the skeleton of arm & it is a long bone  It consists of upper & lower ends and a shaft. I) Upper end : It consists of head , greater tuberosity (tubercle) which has 3 facets (superior , middle & inferior ) , lesser tuberosity (tubercle), inter-tubercular ( which extends downwards in front of upper part of the shaft as bicepital groove ( which has a lateral lip , medial lip & floor ) , surgical neck & anatomical neck. II) Shaft: It is nearly cylindrical in its upper half but is triangular in section in its lower half. It presents : a- 3 surfaces : 1- Antero-medial surface 2- Antero-lateral surface : shows the deltoid tuberosity 2- Posterior surface : shows spiral or radial groove. b- 3 borders : are well marked only in the lower ½ of the shaft. 1- Anterior border 2- Medial and lateral borders forming medial & lateral supracondylar ridges respectively. III) Lower end: It consists of 2 epicondyles ( medial & lateral ) , trochlea , capitulum & 3 fossae ( radial & coronoid fossae anteriorly and tochlear fossa posteriorly ). 13 Bones of Upper limb  Carrying Angle : It is the angle between the angle between the long axis of humerus and the long axis of extended supinated forearm. It is due to more downward projection of medial border of the trochlea the its lateral border. This angle free movements of upper limb away from the pelvis. It is 15 degree and more marked in female ( have wide pelvis ). 14 Bones of Upper limb 15 Bones of Upper limb 16 Bones of Upper limb 17 Bones of Upper limb 18 Bones of Upper limb 19 Bones of Upper limb IV. Radius:  It is a long bone forming the lateral bone of forearm and it has: I) Upper end: Consists of head , which has 2 articular surfaces ( upper surface & its circumference ) , neck & radial tuberosity. II) Shaft: has 3 borders (anterior, posterior & medial borders or interosseous ) & 3 surfaces (anterior , posterior & lateral ) , anterior oblique line and pronator tuberosity. III) Lower end: has 5 surfaces (smooth anterior, rough posterior with dorsal tubercle of Lister, lateral with a styloid process, medial surface form ulnar notch of radius & inferior smooth articular surfaces). 20 Bones of Upper limb 21 Bones of Upper limb 22 Bones of Upper limb 23 Bones of Upper limb 24 Bones of Upper limb 25 Bones of Upper limb V. Ulna:  It is a long bone forming the medial bone of forearm and it has: I) Upper end: consists of 2 processes (olecranon & coronoid.) , trochlear fossa , ulnar tuberosity and radial notch. II) Shaft: has 3 surfaces (anterior, posterior & medial surfaces ) & 3 borders (anterior , posterior & lateral or interosseous borders) III) Lower end: consists of a head and styloid process ( which is shorter than styloid process of radius ). 26 Bones of Upper limb 27 Bones of Upper limb 28 Bones of Upper limb 29 Bones of Upper limb VI. Bones of the hand: * Are divided into three regions: 1. Carpal (Wrist) bones : eight carpal bones arranged in 2 raws Proximal raw : the scaphoid which has a tubercle & waist , lunate ,triquetral, pisiform. Distal raw : trapezium which has a crest & groove , trapezoid , capitates & hamate which has a hook 2. Palm bones :(five metacarpal bones) each one of them has base , shaft & a head. 3. Fingers bones : (14 phalanges). each one of them has base , shaft & a head. 30 Bones of Upper limb 31 Bones of Upper limb 32 Bones of Upper limb 33