ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CONCEPTS PPT PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Prepared by: Aganan, Joanna Kaye Pitogo, Ashley Shane  LET’S DISCUSS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy – primarily concerned with the structure of the body. It examines the physical components, including organs, tissues, and cells. Physiolo...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Prepared by: Aganan, Joanna Kaye Pitogo, Ashley Shane  LET’S DISCUSS ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Anatomy – primarily concerned with the structure of the body. It examines the physical components, including organs, tissues, and cells. Physiology – focuses on the function of the body’s structures. It explores how various systems operate and interact to maintain life.  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES Anatomical position - The body is erect, arms straight with the palms facing forward and thumbs pointing laterally. Feet together and parallel, toes pointing forward.  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES Directional Terms Anterior/Ventral: Toward the front of the body Posterior/Dorsal: Toward the back of the body Superior/Cranial: Above or toward the head Inferior/Caudal: Below or toward the feet Medial: Toward the midline of the body Lateral: Away from the midline Proximal: Nearer to the point of attachment or a point of reference Distal: Further from the point of attachment or a point of reference Superficial: Nearer to the surface of the body Deep: Farther from the surface of the body Supine: lying face up Prone: lying face down  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES Body Planes Sagittal plane: Divides the body into left and right sides Coronal (frontal) plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse (axial) plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES Body Cavities 1. Ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains the digestive organs, kidneys, and reproductive organs  ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES Body Cavities 2. Dorsal cavity: Cranial cavity: Contains the brain Spinal (vertebral) canal: Contains the spinal cord  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION  LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THE TISSUE Tissues are defined as collections of cells that share a common embryonic origin and similar structure and function. TYPES OF TISSUE  LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THE TISSUE EPITHELIAL TISSUE This tissue type forms protective coverings and linings for both internal and external surfaces of the body. Epithelial tissue is involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.  LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THE TISSUE CONNECTIVE Characterized by a diverse range of functions, TISSUE connective tissue supports, binds, and protects other tissues and organs.  LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THE TISSUE MUSCULAR This tissue is specialized for contraction and movement. TISSUE There are three types of muscle tissue: Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle.  LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION THE TISSUE NERVOUS Composed of neurons and glial cells, nervous tissue is TISSUE essential for communication within the body.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  MENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEGU WHAT IS THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM? The integumentary system is a vital organ system that serves as the body’s outermost layer, primarily composed of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.  MENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEGU PARTS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin: The largest organ of the body, composed of three layers:  MENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEGU Epidermis: The outermost layer, providing a barrier and containing keratin. Dermis: The middle layer, containing connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer): The deepest layer, consisting of fat and connective tissue.  UMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEG Hair - Composed of keratin, hair protects the skin and regulates body temperature.  UMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEG Nails - Hard structures made of keratin that protect the tips of fingers and toes.  UMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEG Glands - are specialized organs that produce and secrete substances for use within the body or for elimination from the body. Sweat glands: Help regulate body temperature through perspiration. Sebaceous glands: Produce oil (sebum) to lubricate the skin and hair.  UMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEG FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Physical Protection: The skin serves as a barrier that protects the body's internal tissues and organs from damage, infection, and dehydration. Immunity: The integumentary system acts as the body's first line of defense against pathogens, preventing their entry and facilitating immune responses. Wound Healing: It orchestrates the wound healing process through various stages, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling following injury.  UMENTARY SYSTEM THE INTEG FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Temperature Regulation: The skin helps maintain body temperature by regulating heat loss through mechanisms like sweating and blood vessel dilation. Vitamin D Synthesis: The integumentary system is responsible for synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, which is essential for bone health  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM WHAT IS THE SKELETAL SYSTEM? The skeletal system is a complex structure that serves as the body's framework, composed primarily of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones: Composed of osseous tissue; the adult human skeleton typically has 206 bones.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Appendicular Skeleton: Comprises the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM TYPES OF BONE Long Bones - Longer than they are wide, with a cylindrical shape. Examples: Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, and the bones of the hands and feet (metacarpals and metatarsals) Short Bones - Approximately equal in length, width, and thickness, giving them a cube-like appearance. Examples: Carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle bones)  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM TYPES OF BONE Flat Bones - Thin and often curved, providing a broad surface for muscle attachment. Example: Skull bones (such as the frontal and parietal), sternum, ribs, and scapulae Irregular Bones - Have complex shapes that do not fit into other categories. Example: Vertebrae, pelvic bones (ilium, ischium, pubis), and certain facial bones  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM TYPES OF BONE Sesamoid Bones - Small, round bones that develop within tendons. Example: Patella (kneecap) is the most well-known sesamoid bone, but others can be found in the hands and feet.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Cartilage: Flexible connective tissue found in joints, ear, and nose. Ligaments: Connective tissues that connect bones to other bones.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Joints: Areas where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Support: The skeletal system provides a rigid framework that supports the body and maintains its shape. Protection: It protects vital internal organs, such as the brain, heart, and lungs, from injury. Movement: Bones act as levers that facilitate movement by serving as attachment points for muscles.  THE SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Mineral Storage: The skeletal system serves as a reservoir for essential minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream as needed. Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow within the skeletal system is responsible for the production of blood cells through a process known as hematopoiesis.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM WHAT IS THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM? The muscular system is an organ system responsible for body movement, posture, and heat production. It consists of three types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM PARTS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Skeletal Muscles: Voluntary muscles attached to bones, enabling movement. Smooth Muscles: Involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels). Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Tendons: Connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. Fascia: Connective tissue that surrounds and separates muscles.  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Movement: The muscular system enables movement by contracting and pulling on bones, allowing for various physical activities like walking and running. Support: Muscles provide support to the body's internal organs and help maintain posture by stabilizing the skeletal framework.  THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Protection: Skeletal muscles cushion and protect internal organs from external forces and impacts. Heat Generation: Muscle contractions produce heat as a by-product, helping to maintain the body's temperature. Blood Circulation: Cardiac muscles facilitate the pumping of blood through the heart, contributing to overall circulation throughout the body.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WHAT IS THE NERVOUS SYSTEM? The nervous system is a complex network that regulates bodily functions and responses to internal and external stimuli. It consists of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TWO MAIN PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS): Brain: Bundles of axons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. Spinal Cord: Transmits signals between the brain and the body.  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS): Nerves: The control center for processing information. Sensory Receptors: Detect stimuli (e.g., touch, temperature, pain) from the environment.  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Sensation: The nervous system receives and interprets sensory information from the environment and the body's internal state. Integration: It processes and integrates sensory information to generate appropriate responses.  THE NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Response: The nervous system initiates and coordinates motor responses, including voluntary movements and involuntary reflexes. Regulation: It regulates basic body functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, and hormone release. Cognition: The nervous system is responsible for higher-order functions like learning, memory, emotion, and consciousness.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WHAT IS THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM? The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce hormones, and chemical messengers regulating various bodily functions KEY COMPONENTS IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary Gland: Often called the "master gland," it regulates other glands.  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism and energy levels. Parathyroid Glands: Control calcium levels in the blood.  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM KEY COMPONENTS IN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones related to stress response (e.g., adrenaline). Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon for blood sugar regulation. Ovaries (in females): Produce estrogen and progesterone. Testes (in males): Produce testosterone.  THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Metabolism Regulation: It controls metabolism through hormones like insulin and glucagon. Growth and Development: It regulates growth via hormones such as growth hormone (GH). Reproductive Function: It governs reproduction with hormones like estrogen and testosterone. Stress Response: It manages stress responses through hormones like cortisol. Homeostasis Maintenance: It maintains internal balance with hormones like antidiuretic hormone (ADH).  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM  SCULAR SYSTEM THE CARDIOVA WHAT IS THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM? The cardiovascular system, or circulatory system, is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, gases, and waste products throughout the body. MAIN COMPONENTS IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Heart - A muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. HUMAN HEART  SCULAR SYSTEM THE CARDIOVA Blood Vessels Arteries - Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. Veins - Return oxygen-poor blood to the heart. Capillaries - Tiny blood vessels where the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste occurs.  SCULAR SYSTEM THE CARDIOVA Blood - Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.  SCULAR SYSTEM THE CARDIOVA FUNCTIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Transportation: It transports oxygen, nutrients, gases, and waste. Protection: It protects against infection and blood loss through clotting. Temperature Regulation: It adjusts blood flow to maintain body temperature. Fluid Balance: It maintains fluid balance and electrolyte levels. Hormonal Distribution: It distributes hormones to target organs.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM  SPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RE WHAT IS THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. MAIN COMPONENTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nasal Cavity - The air passage that filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air. Pharynx - The throat, which serves as a passageway for air and food.  SPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RE Larynx - The voice box, containing vocal cords and protecting the trachea against food aspiration. Trachea - The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi.  SPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RE MAIN COMPONENTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Bronchi - The two main branches that lead from the trachea into each lung. Bronchioles - Smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli. Lungs - The primary organs of respiration, where gas exchange occurs.  SPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RE MAIN COMPONENTS IN THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Alveoli - Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Diaphragm - A muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and plays a key role in breathing.  SPIRATORY SYSTEM THE RE FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM? Breathing: It facilitates oxygen intake and carbon dioxide expulsion. Gas Exchange: It enables oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs and body tissues. Sound Production: It produces sound through vocal cord vibration. Smell: It detects airborne chemicals for olfaction. Protection: It safeguards airways from harmful particles and pathogens.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM  THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste.  THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PARTS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Mouth: The entry point for food, where mechanical digestion begins through chewing (mastication) and chemical digestion starts with saliva. Esophagus: A muscular tube that transports food from the mouth to the stomach via peristalsis, a series of coordinated muscle contractions. Stomach: A muscular organ that temporarily stores food, mixes it with gastric juices to form chyme, and begins protein digestion.  THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL (DIGESTIVE TRACT) Small Intestine - Comprising three sections (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), the small intestine is the primary site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. Large Intestine - Also known as the colon, it absorbs water and electrolytes, compacts waste, and prepares it for excretion. Rectum and Anus - The final sections of the alimentary canal, responsible for storing and expelling feces.  THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ACCESSORY ORGANS Salivary Glands - Produce saliva, which contains enzymes that initiate carbohydrate digestion. Liver - Produces bile, essential for fat digestion and absorption, and processes nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Gallbladder - Stores and concentrates bile before releasing it into the small intestine. Pancreas - Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which neutralizes stomach acid in the small intestine.  THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Ingestion: It takes in food through the mouth. Digestion: It breaks down food mechanically and chemically. Absorption: It absorbs nutrients in the small intestine. Elimination: It removes undigested waste through the large intestine. Accessory Functions: It produces enzymes and bile to aid digestion.  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE URINARY SYSTEM  THE URINARY SYSTEM WHAT IS THE URINARY SYSTEM? The urinary system is a vital part of the body, responsible for filtering waste and excess water from the bloodstream, storing the resulting urine, and eliminating it from the body.  THE URINARY SYSTEM PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Kidneys - A pair of bean-shaped organs located in the middle of the back, just below the rib cage. The kidneys filter blood, remove waste and excess water, and produce urine. Ureters - Two narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Muscles in the ureter walls contract and relax to push urine downward.  THE URINARY SYSTEM PARTS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Bladder - A hollow, muscular organ located in the lower abdomen that stores urine. The bladder’s walls relax and expand to accommodate urine and contract to empty it through the urethra. Urethra - The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males, it passes through the prostate gland and penis. In females, it is a shorter tube located just above the vagina  THE URINARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM Filtration - The kidneys filter the blood, removing waste products, excess water, and other substances to produce urine. Regulation - The kidneys help maintain the body’s fluid balance, blood pressure, and red blood cell production. Storage and Elimination - The bladder stores urine until it can be eliminated from the body through urination. Acid-Base Balance - The kidneys help regulate the body’s acid-base balance by adjusting the pH of the blood  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  RODUCTIVE SYSTEM THE REP WHAT IS THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM? The reproductive system is essential for human reproduction, encompassing a complex network of organs and structures that facilitate the production of gametes, fertilization, and offspring development.  DUCTIVE SYSTEM THE REPRO MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The male reproductive system is primarily located in the pelvis and includes the following key structures: Testes - The male gonads responsible for producing sperm and hormones, particularly testosterone. They are housed in the scrotum, which helps regulate temperature for optimal sperm production. Epididymis - A coiled tube where sperm mature and are stored after being produced in the testes. Vas Deferens - A muscular tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.  DUCTIVE SYSTEM THE REPRO MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Seminal Vesicles - Glands that produce a fluid rich in sugars that nourish sperm and form a significant portion of semen. Prostate Gland - Produces a fluid that helps to protect and energize sperm in the semen. Penis - The external organ used for sexual intercourse and the expulsion of urine. It contains erectile tissue that facilitates erection MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  DUCTIVE SYSTEM THE REPRO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The female reproductive system is located primarily in the pelvis and includes both internal and external structures: Ovaries - The female gonads that produce eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Each ovary releases an egg during the menstrual cycle. Fallopian Tubes - Tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization typically occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. Uterus - A muscular organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus. It has three layers: the endometrium (inner lining), myometrium (muscle layer), and perimetrium (outer layer).  DUCTIVE SYSTEM THE REPRO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Cervix - The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina, acting as a passage for sperm and menstrual fluid. Vagina - A muscular tube that connects the external genitals to the Sesamoid Bones Vulva - The external part of the female genitalia, which includes the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.  DUCTIVE SYSTEM THE REPRO FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Gamete Production: It produces sperm in males and eggs in females. Fertilization: It facilitates the union of sperm and egg for reproduction. Hormone Production: It produces sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen. Development: It supports the development of embryos in females during pregnancy. Sexual Function: It enables sexual intercourse and reproduction. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM  PHYSIOLOGY ANATOMY AND THE IMMUNE AND LYMPATHIC SYSTEM  LYMPATHIC SYSTEM THE IMMUNE AND The lymphatic and immune systems are critical components of the body's defense mechanisms, working together to maintain fluid balance and protect against infections and diseases.  THE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM Lymph Vessels - These are thin-walled vessels that transport lymph, a clear fluid containing immune cells, throughout the body. Lymph Nodes - Small, bean-shaped structures located along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and house lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). Spleen - This organ filters blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells and pathogens. It also produces lymphocytes and stores blood that can be released in emergencies.  THE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM Thymus - A primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature. It is most active during childhood and adolescence. Tonsils and Adenoids - These are clusters of lymphoid tissue located in the throat that help trap pathogens entering through the mouth and nose. Bone Marrow - The primary site for the production of blood cells, including lymphocytes, which are essential for the immune response LYMPHATIC SYSTEM  THE IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against pathogens. Key components include: Lymphocytes - The primary cells of the immune system, including T cells (which attack infected cells) and B cells (which produce antibodies). Antibodies - Proteins produced by B cells that specifically target and neutralize pathogens. Macrophages and Dendritic Cells - These cells engulf pathogens and present antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response. Cytokines - Signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. IMMUNE SYSTEM  IMM UNE AND LYMPATHIC FUNCTIONS OF SYSTEM Fluid Balance - The lymphatic system collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the bloodstream, preventing edema. Immune Surveillance - Lymph nodes filter lymph and provide a site for lymphocytes to encounter antigens, enhancing the body's ability to respond to infections. Fat Absorption - The lymphatic system absorbs dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the intestines and transports them to the bloodstream. Pathogen Defense - The immune system identifies and destroys pathogens through various mechanisms, including the action of antibodies and the direct killing of infected cells by T cells.  NK YOU FOR LISTENING! 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