Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (Nov 7, 2024) PDF

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE (NOV 7, 2024) Perfusion Passage of blood, a blood substitute, or other fluid through the blood vessels or other natural channels in an organ or tissue. Blood Flow Amount of blood that moves through a vessel in a given...

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE (NOV 7, 2024) Perfusion Passage of blood, a blood substitute, or other fluid through the blood vessels or other natural channels in an organ or tissue. Blood Flow Amount of blood that moves through a vessel in a given period. Autoregulation → Maintenance of blood flow by tissues. Blood Pressure Measure of the force exerted by the blood against blood vessel wall. Blood moves through vessels because of blood pressure Measured by listening to Korotkoff sounds Resistance to blood flow Inhibits blood flow. Increases when: 1. Viscosity increases 2. Blood vessels become smaller in diameter or increases in length. Pulse Pressure → Difference between Systolic and Diastolic pressure Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Average pressure at which blood moves through the vasculature. Optimum MAP: 70-80 mmhg  Formula Geriatric changes in Cardiovascular and Hematological System ❖ Myocardial collagen → Non-contractile protein occupying cardiac interstitum Myocardium is less compliant. ❖ Cardiac output ❖ Peripheral resistance → Hypertension ❖ Intrinsic heart rate & maximal heart rate →Syncope tendencies ❖ Anemia at an older age → Bone marrow is decreasing in function → Iron Deficiency Anemia due to faulty diet or medication RESPIRATORY (PULMONARY) SYSTEM FiO2 Fraction of inspired oxygen Concentration of oxygen in the gas mixture Room air: 21% Ventilator: Up to 100% Respiratory System Pulmonary system Acquire O2 and remove CO2 from the blood. 2 Main Division Upper Respiratory Tract Nose, Mouth, Pharynx and Larynx. Conduction, Filtration, Humidification and warming of inhaled air. Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs Conduction and gas exchange * Alveoli → Site of gas exchange Function of Respiratory System 1. Warms and ads moisture to the air you breathe in. 2. Protect your body from particles you breathe in. 3. Voice production. 4. Olfaction 5. Acid-base balance ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Oxygenation and determine acid base imbalances. Compensation: Respiratory and Renal component Nasal Cavity Humidify, warm, filter, and act as a conduit for inspired air, as well as protect the respiratory tract through the use of the mucociliary system. Mucociliary Escalator Important in maintaining clear airway and preventing infection by clearing inhaled particles and pathogens Cilia can move mucus at a rate of 1-2 cm per minute transporting it towards the pharynx. Sneezing Involuntary burst of air forced from lungs through nose and mouth. Purpose: Remove irritants Involuntary Coughing Reflex action to clear up airway. Cause of Cough: 1. Disease / disorder 2. Medication side effect 3. Airway irritant presence  Cough Types (Duration) Acute (Less than 2-3 weeks) Subacute (3-8 weeks) Chronic cough (> 8 weeks) Refractory cough: Chronic cough unresponsive to treatment Cough Types (Mucus Production) Productive Cough – Wet cough – With Mucus or Phlegm Non-productive cough – Dry cough – Without Mucus or Phlegm Mechanics of Breathing Inspiration (Inspiration) Exhalation (Expiration) Ventilation → Movement of air into and out of the lungs. Respiration → Exchange of gases between the body and the outside atmosphere. 2 Types of Respiration 1. Pulmonary respiration (External respiration) o Movement of gases between the atmospheric air in the lungs and the blood. 2. Systemic Respiration (Internal respiration) o Movement of gases between the blood and the body’s cells Respiratory Effort Rhythm → Regular or Irregular Quality / Character → Normal/ Effortless breathing or Labored breathing Rate → Eupnea, Tachypnea, Bradypnea or Apnea Hyperventilation → Overexpansion of the lungs → Rapid and deep breaths Hypoventilation → Under expansion of the lungs → Shallow respiration Conducting zone → Encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs. Respiratory zone Solely in the lungs Includes small air tubes and alveoli Gas exchange occurs within the respiratory zone Oxygen Saturation Measures how much hemoglobin is bound to oxygen compared to how much hemoglobin remains unbound. “O2 Sat”