Circulatory System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mucociliary escalator?

To enhance gas exchange in the alveoli

To regulate oxygen levels in the blood

To clear inhaled particles and pathogens (correct)

To expel air from the lungs

Which type of cough is characterized as a wet cough with mucus or phlegm?

Effective cough

Non-productive cough

Acute cough

Productive cough (correct)

What defines a chronic cough?

Cough lasting longer than 8 weeks (correct)

Cough that lasts 3-8 weeks

Cough lasting less than 1 week

Cough that appears suddenly and lasts for 2-3 weeks

What is the correct definition of pulmonary respiration?

Gas exchange in the alveoli and blood Signup and view all the answers

What does hypoventilation refer to?

Shallow respiration with poor oxygen exchange Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the rhythm of breathing?

Regular or Irregular Signup and view all the answers

What is oxygen saturation (O2 Sat) a measure of?

How much hemoglobin is bound to oxygen compared to unbound Signup and view all the answers

What structures are included in the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Nose to smallest air tubes in lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the average pressure at which blood moves through the vasculature?

Mean Arterial Pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which change is associated with aging in the cardiovascular system?

Increased risk of anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the upper respiratory tract?

Filtration and warming of inhaled air Signup and view all the answers

What factor would increase resistance to blood flow?

Increased blood viscosity Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nasal cavity play in respiration?

Conduit for inspired air and filtering Signup and view all the answers

What defines the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2) in room air?

21% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?

Hormonal regulation Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood flow when blood vessels become smaller in diameter?

Blood flow decreases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Perfusion

Passage of blood or other fluids through blood vessels or tissues.

Blood Flow

Amount of blood moving through a vessel over time.
Autoregulation maintains blood flow in tissues.

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by blood against vessel walls.
Blood moves due to pressure differences.
Measured using Korotkoff sounds.

Blood Pressure Categories

Normal: Less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic mmHg.
Elevated: 120-129 systolic and less than 80 diastolic mmHg.
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 1: 130-139 systolic or 80-89 diastolic mmHg.
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Stage 2: 140 or higher systolic or 90 or higher diastolic mmHg.
Hypertensive Crisis: Higher than 180 systolic and/or higher than 120 diastolic mmHg (consult a doctor immediately).

Resistance to Blood Flow

Factors that inhibit blood flow.
Viscosity and vessel diameter affect flow.

Pulse Pressure

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Average pressure driving blood through vessels.
Optimal MAP is 70-80 mmHg.

Formula for MAP

MAP = (systolic BP + 2 * diastolic BP) / 3

Geriatric Cardiovascular and Hematologic Changes

Myocardial collagen increases, reducing its compliance.
Other changes affecting cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and heart rate.
Anemia can occur more frequently in older people.
Bone marrow function can decrease.
Iron deficiency anemia can be linked to malnutrition or other factors.

Pulmonary System (Respiratory)

FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen.
Room air has 21% FiO2.
Ventilators can provide higher FiO2 levels.
Pulmonary system brings oxygen into and removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream.

Upper Respiratory Tract

Conduction, filtration, humidification, and warming of inhaled air.
Includes nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Conduction and gas exchange.
Includes trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.

Function of Respiratory System

Warms and moistens air.
Protects from particles.
Voice production.
Olfaction.
Acid-base balance.

Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs)

Assess oxygenation and acid-base imbalances.
Include respiratory and renal components.

Nasal Cavity

Humidifies, warms, filters, and conducts air to the respiratory system.

Mucociliary Escalator

Clears pathogens and particles from the airways.
Cilia move mucus upwards towards the pharynx.

Sneezing

Involuntary expulsion of air.
Removes irritants.

Coughing

Reflex action to clear airways.
Caused by diseases, medications, or irritants.

Types of Coughs (Duration and Mucus Production)

Chronic coughs last longer than 8 weeks.
Productive coughs produce mucus.
Non-productive coughs don't produce mucus.

Mechanics of Breathing

Inspiration (inhaling).
Expiration (exhaling).
Ventilation involves moving air into and out of the lungs.
Respiration is the exchange of gases between the body and environment.

Types of Respiration

Pulmonary (external respiration) → lungs and blood.
Systemic (internal respiration) → blood and tissues.

Respiratory Effort

Characterized by rhythm, quality, rate, and depth of breathing.

Conducting Zone

Structures from nose to small airways.

Respiratory Zone

Includes alveoli.
Site of gas exchange.

Oxygen Saturation

Measures how much hemoglobin is bound to oxygen.
Expressed as "O2 Sat."

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to perfusion, blood flow, and blood pressure categories. Understand the physiological mechanisms governing blood movement and the significance of blood pressure readings. Test your knowledge on factors affecting resistance to blood flow and pulse pressure.