Integumentary System PDF

UNIT 4 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM) cell layer skin. There is a lot of activity in this layer. Keratin proteins and lipid work together to creat...

UNIT 4 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM) cell layer skin. There is a lot of activity in this layer. Keratin proteins and lipid work together to create many of the cells responsible for the skin’s Integumentary system – synonyms are integument, skin and cutaneous protective barrier. membrane. All means “covering”. Stratum lucidum – only present in the thicker skin of the palms and soles. FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Its main function is to reduce friction between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum. The name itself comes from the Latin for "clear Protection from mechanical, chemical, thermal and bacterial damage, UV layer," which describes the transparency of the cells themselves. Dead radiation and Desiccation. cells from the stratum spinosum and granulosum. Aids in body heat loss or heat retention Stratum corneum – known as corneocytes (horny cells). These cells have Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid flattened out and are considered dead. Composed mainly of keratin Synthesizes vitamin D (metabolism) proteins, corneocytes provide structural strength to the stratum corneum Sense Organ but also allow for the absorption of water. They serve as an effective STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN barrier to any chemicals that might harm the living cells just beneath them. Epidermis – outermost layer of the skin. Stratified squamous epithelium. CELLS Responsible for creating skin tone and protecting against toxins and infection. Composed of layers of skin cells called keratinocytes. Keratinocytes – most common type of skin cells. They produce keratin, a Dermis – made up MOSTLY with dense connective tissue, it also contains protein that provides strength to skin, hair and nails. hair follicles and sweat glands that regulate the integrity and temperature Melanocytes – skin color. Specialized skin cells that produce a pigment of the skin. Found deep to the epidermis and superficial to the called melanin that gives pigmentation to the skin. hypodermis. Dendritic cells – participate in the recognition of invading pathogens. Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) – not part of the skin, anchor the skin These cells are dedicated antigen-presenting cells and play a key role in to the underlying organs and site for fat storage. sensing danger and initiating both innate and adaptive responses. EPIDERMIS - it has 5 layers: Tactile (Merkel) cells – sensory cells that are responsible for light touch sensation and found in the skin of vertebrates. Stratum basale – Stratum germinativum. Bottom layer of the epidermis, this layer contains one row of column-shaped keratinocytes called basal DERMIS cells. Papillary layer – most superficial dermal region composed of areolar Stratum spinosum – this layer lies just over the stratum basale and is only connective tissue. It is the superficial layer of the dermis that provides about five to ten cells thick. Cells in this layer are responsible for making nutrition and thermoregulation to the skin. Pain (free nerve endings) and keratin. This is the fibrous protein that gives skin, hair and nails their touch receptors (tactile corpuscles in hairless skin) are found here. hardness and water-resistant properties. Cells contain thick bundles of Reticular layer – the deepest skin layer. It contains many arteries and intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin. veins, sweat and sebaceous glands and pressure receptors (lamellar Stratum granulosum – or granular layer, have lost their center (nuclei). corpulscles). This allows them to contain a high proportion of keratin to form the rigid  Structures of Dermis are Collagen which helps fibroblasts form in your sweat plus proteins and fat-rich substances. Odorless, dermis, which helps new cells grow. Playing a role in replacing dead skin cells. however, when decomposed by bacteria on skin a body Elastin a protein in the fiber of the connective tissue of the skin that provides odor is created. a resilient and elastic quality. It’s what gives skin that bouncy, full look and feel Hair and hair follicles – guarding the head against bumps, shielding the so often associated with a youthful, healthy complexion. Elastin depletes eyes (eyelashes), filters foreign particles (nose) and important body part naturally with age, leaving skin more prone to visible sagginess, fine lines and in early humans. wrinkling. Nails Skin color is mainly due to melanin (made by melanocytes in the epidermis) it has Skin Homeostatic Imbalances two types: Burns – tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat, electricity, Eumelanin – comes in brown and black. ultraviolet radiation (sunburn), or certain chemicals such as acids, which Phomelanin – pinkish-red denature proteins and cause cell death in the affected areas. Infections and Allergies Skin Color Homeostatic Imbalances: o Athlete’s foot – medically known as Tinea pedis. Itchy red, peeling Redness or Erythema condition of the skin between the toes, resulting from fungus Jaundice infection. Pallor or blanching o Boils and carbuncles – inflammation or hair follicles and Bruises or black-and-blue marks sebaceous glands, common on the dorsal neck. Carbuncles are composite boils typically by bacterial infection. Skin Appendages o Cold sores – usually occur around the lips and in the oral mucosa Cutaneous glands – exocrine glands in the skin that release biochemical of the mouth. Fever blisters, small fluid-filled blisters that itch and products onto the skin’s surface. They release materials like water, salt or sting, caused by a herpes simplex infection. oil under your skin to the surface of your skin. o Impetigo - Pink, water-filled, raised lesions (commonly around the o Sebaceous glands mouth and nose) that develop a yellow crust and eventually ▪ Sebum – makes skin soft and moist and prevents hair rupture. Common infection of the superficial layers of the from becoming brittle. epidermis that is highly contagious and most commonly caused o Sweat glands by gram-positive bacteria. ▪ Eccrine gland – produce clear perspiration consisting of o Psoriasis – attacks are often triggered by trauma, infection, water, salts (mostly NaCl), metabolic wastes (ammonia, hormonal changes or stress. Chronic condition, characterized by uric acid, urea). Found in areas like the palms, soles, overproduction of skin cells that results in reddened epidermal forehead and armpits. Its role is to regulate body lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack and temperature by producing sweat, which evaporates from sometimes bleed. is an immune-mediated disease, which means the skin, cooling the body down. that your body's immune system starts overacting and causing ▪ Apocrine gland – found predominantly in the axillary and problems. genital areas. Secrete the basic components of eccrine  Skin cancer – causes of cancer are infections, chemicals or physical o Axial – 80 bones consist of the skull, vertebral column and rib trauma. cage. o Mutations (Spontaneous) o Appendicular – 126 bones consist the arms and legs, pectoral ▪ Uncorrected Mismatched girdle and pelvic girdle. ▪ Tautomerization Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including: ▪ Replication Slippage o Osseous tissue – is a hard and mineralized connective tissue. ▪ Spontaneous depurination Allowing blood vessels to deliver nutrients and remove waste. It ▪ Spontaneous deamination can appear compact (looks solid) or spongy. o Induced Mutation o Blood vessels – regulate developmental and regenerative bone ▪ Chemical mutagen (e.g. Interacting agents) formation as well as hematopoiesis (blood cells). ▪ Physical mutagen (UV, Ionizing radiation, heat) o Nerves ▪ Transposable elements o All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone. o Basal Carcinoma – least malignant and most common skin cancer. Classification by Shape Cells of the stratum basale, altered so that they cannot form o Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs. Femur (thigh keratin, no longer honor the boundary between epidermis and bone) and Humerus (upper arm bone). dermis. o Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles. o Squamous Cell Carcinoma – stratum spinosum, lesion appears as Carpals (wrist bones) and tarsals (ankle bones). a scaly, reddened papule (small, rounded elevation) that gradually o Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage. It is characterized by forms a shallow ulcer with a firm, raised border. Appears most its thin, flattened shape and often slightly curved surfaces. often on the scalp, dorsum of the hands and lower lip. o Irregular bones – bones that cannot be classified as long, short or o Malignant carcinoma – cancer of melanocytes, it arises from flat bones. They are primarily spongy bone that is covered with a accumulated DNA damage in a skin cell and usually appears as a thin layer of compact bone. Examples are the vertebrae and spreading brown to black patch that metastasizes rapidly to bones of the pelvic girdle. surrounding lymph and blood vessels. Functions of Bones ▪ Asymmetry(one half is different from the other), o Give shape to body parts Border(irregular, notched or blurry), Color(more than o Support and protect soft structures such as the brain, lungs and one), Diameter(larger than 6mm or ¼ inch), Evolving or heart. changing Rule o Allow body movement because skeletal muscles attach to them, allow for voluntary movement. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM o Hematopoiesis – red bone marrow of bone produces new blood Bones provide the body with structure and support. cells. 206 bones (for adults) with joints and connective tissue. 300 bones for o Store calcium babies. Bone Growth DIVISIONS o Ossification – process of bone growth. o Intramembranous ossification – bones begin as tough, fibrous membrane. Bone-forming cells called osteoblast turn the  membrane to bone (located in the skull). It is also a special cell o Process – a prominent projection on a bone serves as an that help your bones grow and develop. attachment point for ligaments and tendons. o Endochondral ossification – bones begin as cartilage models. o Suture – an interlocking line of union between bones. Fibrous ▪ Primary ossification center - bone formed in the joint that connects the bones of the skull, allowing for limited diaphysis (central part of bones). movement and growth. ▪ Secondary ossification center – epiphyses turn to bone. o Trochanter – a relatively large process. One of the bony Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the prominences toward the near end of the thighbone (the femur). diaphysis will continue to grow. Serve as attachment site for several muscles in the hip region. ▪ Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form. o Tubercle – a small, knoblike process. Serves as an attachment Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts. point for muscles and ligaments. Bony Structures o Tuberosity – a knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle. o Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment. Bone protrusions that attach skeletal muscles. o Depressions and hollows for articulations – the connection of THE SKULL bones at joints. o Opening for blood vessels and nerves. Two Bone types o Condyle – a rounded process that usually articulates with another bone. The word condyle comes from the Greek word kondylos Cranial – form the top, sides and back of the skull. which means “knuckles”. Condyles are bone markings that Facial – form the face. provide structural support to the cartilage that covers them and Soft spots felt on an infant’s skull are actually fontanels tough membrane bear the force of muscles acting on a joint. Ex. The femur, the that connect the incompletely developed bones. medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the Cranial Bones condyles of the tibia in the knee joint. o Crest – a narrow, ridge-like projection. Provides sites for muscle Frontal – anterior and connective tissue attachments. Found in the ilium or at the Parietal – top and most of the sides. top of the hip. Occipital – back o Epicondyle – a projection situated above a condyle. A rounded Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull. bump on a bone where muscles, ligaments and tendons attach. Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor. The sphenoid bone is located below The word epicondyle comes from a root meaning upon or above the frontal bone, this butterfly-shaped bone has a body, upper wings and the knuckle. lower wings. The ethmoid bone is located in front of the sphenoid bone, o Foramen – an opening through a bone that is usually a this irregular bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity. passageway for blood vessels, nerves or ligaments. Ear ossicles are the smallest bone of the body. o Fossa – a relatively deep pit or depression. A shallow depression o Malleus – a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle in a bone that can support soft tissue or receive bone for ear. It connects with the incus and is attach to the inner surface of articulation. the eardrum o Head – an enlargement on the end of a bone. o Incus – the middle of three small bones (called ossicles) in the middle ear.  o Stapes - the smallest bone in the human body and is a key part of Hipbones – coxal bones form the pelvic girdle. Ilium (the largest of the the ear’s ability to transmit sound. three bones that form the hip bone, fan-like bone), Ischium (paired bone o Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone. of the pelvis that forms the lower and back part of the hip bone as well as o Maxillae – form the upper jawbone. the posterior and inferior boundary of the obturator foramen) and Pubis o Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks (forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone). o Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge of the nose. Bone of leg – Femur (thigh bone, is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the human body, Patella (a small, triangular bone that sits at the THE SPINAL COLUMN front of the knee joint), Tibia (the shinbone, the larger of the two bones 7 Cervical vertebrae – smallest and lightest, located in the neck region, in the lower leg) and Fibula (known as the calf bone, it is a long slender first one is atlas and second one is axis. bone that runs down the outside of the lower leg from the knee to the 12 Thoracic vertebrae – join the 12 pairs of ribs. ankle). 5 Lumbar vertebrae – have very sturdy structures. Bones of the foot – Tarsals (a group of seven bones in the foot that Sacrum – a triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused vertebrae. connect the lower leg to the foot), Metatarsals (five long bones in the Coccyx – a small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused forefoot that connect the toes to the middle part of the foot) and vertebrae. Considered unnecessary and more commonly called tailbone. Phalanges (the bones in the toes of foot). Joints – junctions between bones. Classification based on structure. THE RIB CAGE Fibrous joints connected together with short fibers. Between cranial and Sternum – breastplate, forms the front middle portion of the rib cage. facial bones. Sutures are fibrous joints in the skull. Cartilaginous joints Joins with the clavicles and most ribs. Xyphoid process the cartilaginous connected together with a disc of cartilage, a tough but flexible tip. connective tissue. Between vertebrae. Synovial joints covered with 12 pairs of ribs – all are attached posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae. True hyaline cartilage. Held together by a fibrous joint capsule lined with ribs first seven pairs of ribs and attach to sternum by costal cartilage. False synovial membrane. Freely movable. Bones are also held together ribs rib pairs 8, 9 and 10. Attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair 7. through tough, cord-like structures called ligaments. Floating rib pairs 11 and 12, do not attach anteriorly to any structure. Common Diseases and Disorders BONES OF THE SHOULDERS, ARMS AND HANDS Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation. Shoulders – pectoral girdles. Scapula (shoulder blade) and Clavicle o Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight- (collarbone). bearing joints. A degenerative joint disease that occurs when the Upper limb or arm bones. Humerus (located between the shoulder and cartilage and bone in one or more joints break down. It's the most elbow joints), Radius and Ulna are to bones in the forearm located common type of arthritis and can cause pain, stiffness, swelling, between the elbow and wrist joints. and changes in the ability to move the joint. o Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic systematic inflammatory disease Hand – 8 carpals per hand, 5 metacarpals per hand and 14 phalanges per of smaller joints and surrounding tissues. Autoimmune disease, hand. 3 in each finger and 2 in each thumb. this means your immune system (which usually fights infection) Bones of the Hips, Legs and Feet attacks the cells that line your joints by mistake, making the joints  swollen, stiff and painful. Over time, this can damage the joints, d. Elasticity – after contracting or lengthening, tissue always wants to return cartilage and nearby bone. to its resting. o Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions Characteristics of muscle tissue enable it to perform some important functions: tendons). o Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist, the median nerve in a. Movement – both voluntary and involuntary the wrist becomes compressed. b. Maintaining posture o Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect c. Support soft tissues within body cavities different tissue types; primarily bone. A group of rare, malignant d. Guarding entrances and exits of the body cancers that originate from the same type of stem cell e. Maintaining body temperature o Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints. A type of arthritis that causes pain and swelling in joints, TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE usually in the big toe or lower limbs. Skeletal Muscle – attach to the bones and skin of the face. Produces body o Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback). A spinal movements and facial expressions. Voluntary. disorder that causes an excessive curvature of the upper back, Smooth Muscle – walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and iris. Moves resulting in a rounded or hunched appearance contents through organs; vasoconstriction. Involuntary. o Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine Cardiac Muscle – wall of the heart. Pumps blood through heart. (swayback). A condition where the spine curves too much forward Involuntary. in the neck or lower back o Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease. A genetic or TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE heritable disease in which bones fracture (break) easily, often Muscle Cell Terminology with no obvious cause or minimal injury o Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) Myocytes – muscle fibers, the smallest units of muscle tissue and organs over time. in the body. o Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from Sarcolemma – cell membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers. osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue. Kind of bone cancer. Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of cell/muscle cell. o Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed Myofibrils – long structures in sarcoplasm, arrangement of filaments in and weak. myofibrils produces striations. Organelles found in muscle cells that are o Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine. responsible for muscle contraction. MUSCULAR SYSTEM Characteristics and Functions of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Tissue a. Excitability – tissue can receive and respond to stimulation. Associated with and attached to the skeleton. b. Contractility – tissue can shorten and thicken. Under our conscious (voluntary) control c. Extensibility – tissue can lengthen. Microscopically the tissue appears striated Cells are long, cylindrical and multinucleate  Muscle fibers respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (causes SKELETAL MUSCLES skeletal muscle to contract). Structure Following contraction, muscles release the enzyme acetylcholinesterase: o Breaks down acetylcholine The major component of the muscular system. o Allows muscle to relax Composition Cardiac Muscle Tissue Connective tissue, Skeletal Muscle tissue, Blood vessels and Nerves. Maked up myocardium of heart Connective Tissue Coverings Unconsciously (involuntarily) controlled Microscopically appears striated Fascia – covers entire skeletal muscles. Separate them from each other. A Cells are short, branching and have a single nucleus. thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, Cells connect to each other at intercalated discs. blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place. Intercalated disc – connect groups of cardiac muscle. Allows the fibers in Tendon – a tough, cord-like structure made of fibrous connective tissue. the groups to contract and relax together. Allows heart to work as a Connects muscles to bones. pump. Aponeurosis – tough, sheet-like structure made of fibrous connective Self-exciting – does not need nerve stimulation to contract. Nerves speed tissue. Attaches muscles to other muscles. up or slow down contraction. Epimysium – thin covering that is just below the fascia of a muscle and Neurotransmitters – acetylcholine (slows heart rate) and Norepinephrine surrounds the entire muscle tissue. (speeds-up rate) Perimysium – connective tissue that divides a muscle into section called fascicles. Smooth (visceral) Muscle Tissue Endomysium – covering of connective tissue that surrounds individual Makes up walls of organs and blood vessels muscle cells. Tissue is non-striated and involuntary Attachments and Actions of Skeletal Muscles Cells are short, spindle-shaped and have a single nucleus Tissue is extremely extensible, while still retaining ability to contract. Actions depend largely on what the muscles are attached to Multiunit smooth muscle – in the iris of the eye and walls of blood Attachment sites vessels. Responds to neurotransmitters and hormones. Visceral smooth muscle – in walls of hollow organs (such as the stomach, Origin – an attachment for a less movable bone. intestines, gallbladder, rectum, esophagus, fallopian tubes and heart). Insertion – an attachment site for a more movable bone. Responds to neurotransmitters and stimulate each other to contract so Movement usually produced by a group of muscles that muscle fibers contract and relax together in a rhythmic motion called peristalsis. Prime mover – muscle responsible for most of the movement. Peristalsis – rhythmic contraction that pushes substances through tubes Synergists – muscles that help the prime mover by stabilizing joints. of the body. A series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food, Antagonist (agonist) – produces movement opposite to prime mover; fluids, and urine through the body. relaxes when prime mover contracts. Body Movements Infraspinatus – rotates the arm laterally. Flexion – bending a body part. Extension – straightening a body part. Forearm Hyperextension – extending a body part past the normal anatomical position. Biceps brachii – flexes the arm at the elbow. Rotates the hand laterally. Dorsiflexion – pointing the toes up. Brachialis – flexes the arm at the elbow. Plantar flexion – pointing the toes down. Brachioradialis – flexes the forearm at the elbow. Abduction – moving a body part away from the anatomical position. Triceps brachii – extends the arm at the elbow. Adduction – moving a body part towards the anatomical position. Supinator – rotates the forearm laterally (supination). Pronator teres – rotates the forearm medially (pronation). The muscle name indicates Wrist, Hand and Fingers Location Size Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris – flex and abduct the wrist. Action Palmaris longus – flexes the wrist. Shape Flexor digitorum profundus – flexes the distal joints of the finger but not Number of attachments of the muscle the thumb. Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis – extend the wrist and abduct Head the hand Sternocleidomastoid – pulls the head to one side/to the chest. Extensor carpi ulnaris – extends the wrist. Frontalis - raises the eyebrows. Extensor digitorum – extends the fingers but not the thumb. Splenius capitis – rotates the head. Allows it to bend to the side. Respiratory Orbicularis oris – allows the lip to pucker. Orbicularis oculi – allow the eyes to close. Diaphragm – separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Its Zygomaticus – pulls the corners of the mouth up. contraction causes inspiration. Platysma – pulls the corners of the mouth down. External and Internal intercostals – expand and lower the ribs during Masseter and temporalis – close the jaw. breathing. Upper arms Abdominal Pectoralis major – pulls the arm across the chest. Rotates and adducts the External and Internal obliques – compress the abdominal wall. arms. Transverse abdominis – also compress the abdominal wall. Latissimus dorsi – extends and adducts the arm and rotates the arm Rectus abdominis – flexes the vertebral column. Compress the abdominal inwardly. wall. Deltoid – adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder. Pectoral Girdle Subscapularis – rotates the arm medially.  Trapezius – raises the arms and pulls the shoulders downward. Aging Pectoralis minor – pulls the scapula downward and raises the ribs. Prevention Leg o Warm up muscles – a few minutes before an intense activity raises muscle temperature and makes muscle more pliable. Psoas major and iliacus – flexes the thigh o Stretching – improves muscle performance and should always be Gluteus maxims – extends the thigh. done after the warm-up after exercising. Gluteus medius and minimus – abduct the thighs and rotate them o Cooling down or slowing down – before completely stopping medially. prevents pooling of blood in the legs and helps remove lactic acid Abductor longus and magnus – adduct the thighs and rotate them from muscles. laterally. Biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus – known as the Diseases and Disorders of the Muscular System hamstring group, flex the leg at the knee and extend the leg at the thigh. Botulism – affects the gastrointestinal tract and various muscle groups. A Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius rare but serious illness that affects the nervous system, causing muscle – extend the leg at the knee. paralysis and weakness. Sartorius – flexes the leg at the knee and thigh. Abducts the thigh, Fibromyalgia – fairly common condition that causes chronic pain primarily rotating the thigh laterally but rotating the lower leg medially. in joints, muscles and tendons. Ankle, Foot and Toes Muscular dystrophy – inherited disorder characterized by muscle weakness and a loss of muscle tissue. In muscular dystrophy, abnormal Tibialis anterior – inverts the foot and point the foot up (dorsiflexion) genes (mutations) interfere with the production of proteins needed to Extensor digitorum longus – extend the toes and point the foot up. form healthy muscle. Gastrocnemius – flexes the foot and flexes the leg at the knee. Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune condition in which patients experience Soleus – flexes the foot. muscle weakness. Flexor digitorum longus – flexes the foot and toes. Rhabdomyolysis – a condition in which the kidneys become damages after serious muscle injuries. MUSCLE STRAINS AND SPAINS Tendonitis (lockjaw) – painful inflammation of a tendon and the tendon- Strains – injuries due to over-stretched muscles or tendons. muscle attachment to a bone. Sprains – more serious injuries that result in tears to tendons, ligaments Torticollis (wryneck) – acquired or congenital; spasm or shortening of the and/or cartilage of joints. sternocleidomastoid muscle; head bends to affected side and chin rotates RICE is recommended treatment for either to opposite side. o REST Trichinosis – an infection caused by parasites (worms). o ICE Sliding Filament Theory o COMPRESSION o ELEVATION Myosin heads attach to actin molecules (at binding (active) site). HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES  Myosin “pulls” on actin, causing thin myofilaments, towards the center of the sarcomere. Sacromere shortens, I bands get smaller, H zone gets smaller and zone of overlap increases. Production of Energy for Muscle ATP (adenosine triphosphate) o A type of chemical energy. Needed for sustained or repeated muscle contractions. Muscle cells must have three ways to store or make ATP. o Creatine phosphate – rapid production of energy. A high energy molecule that stores energy in muscles and other cells. o Aerobic respiration – used body’s store of glucose. A chemical process that breaks down glucose and other organic compounds to produce energy for cells. o Lactic acid production – small amounts of ATP.