Integumentary System Overview
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Integumentary System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of a foramen in a bone?

  • It serves as a point of articulation for joints.
  • It acts as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves. (correct)
  • It supports muscle attachment to the bone.
  • It is a shallow depression for soft tissue.

    • Which bone is the smallest in the human body?

  • Ethmoid
  • Malleus
  • Stapes (correct)
  • Incus

    • What does the term 'epicondyle' refer to in bone anatomy?

  • A prominent ridge where muscles attach.
  • A depression that receives soft tissue.
  • An enlargement at the end of a bone.
  • A location above a condyle for muscle attachment. (correct)

    • Which bone forms the lower jaw in humans?

    <p>Mandible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the sphenoid bone?

    <p>It resembles a butterfly shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action is primarily performed by the triceps brachii?

    <p>Extends the arm at the elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for flexing the wrist?

    <p>Flexor carpi radialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the diaphragm during breathing?

    <p>Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle functions to rotate the arm medially?

    <p>Subscapularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does the orbicularis oris muscle perform?

    <p>Puckers the lips</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in extending the fingers, excluding the thumb?

    <p>Extensor digitorum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily acts to adduct the arm?

    <p>Latissimus dorsi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the external and internal obliques?

    <p>Compress the abdominal wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pectoralis minor muscle?

    <p>Pulls the scapula downward and raises the ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle group is responsible for flexing the leg at the knee?

    <p>Hamstring group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about warming up is correct?

    <p>It is crucial for preparing muscles for intense activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is involved in the abduction of the thigh?

    <p>Gluteus medius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does cooling down have after exercise?

    <p>Prevents pooling of blood in the legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of muscular dystrophy?

    <p>Inherited disorder with muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle flexes the foot and leg at the knee?

    <p>Gastrocnemius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the trapezius muscle?

    <p>Raises arms and pulls shoulders downward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of multimodal smooth muscle?

    <p>To contract rhythmically in response to neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the muscle that is primarily responsible for a movement?

    <p>Prime mover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the origin and insertion of a muscle?

    <p>Insertion is generally less stable than origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following body movements involves bending a body part?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes peristalsis?

    <p>Involuntary muscle contraction for moving substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the arm at the elbow?

    <p>Brachialis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of visceral smooth muscle?

    <p>It contracts rhythmically and involuntarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle action occurs when the toes are pointed down?

    <p>Plantar flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of arthritis is characterized by degeneration of cartilage and bones in weight-bearing joints?

    <p>Osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about rheumatoid arthritis is true?

    <p>It is an autoimmune disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bursitis associated with?

    <p>Inflammation of fluid-filled sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumor does Ewing's Family of Tumors (EFT) primarily affect?

    <p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises from the overuse of the wrist leading to median nerve compression?

    <p>Carpal Tunnel Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are part of the pectoral girdle?

    <p>Clavicle and Scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many phalanges are there in one hand?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of osteoarthritis?

    <p>Degenerative changes in cartilage and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

    <p>To reduce friction between skin layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of dead cells known as corneocytes?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes keratinocytes?

    <p>The most common type of skin cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT performed by the integumentary system?

    <p>Production of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What layer of the skin is specifically present in the thicker skin of the palms and soles?

    <p>Stratum lucidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of damage can the integumentary system protect against?

    <p>Mechanical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two components work together to create the protective barrier of the skin?

    <p>Lipid and keratin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Integumentary System

    • Synonyms for integumentary system are integument, skin, and cutaneous membrane.
    • Functions include protection from damage (mechanical, chemical, thermal, bacterial, UV radiation, desiccation), body temperature regulation (heat loss/retention), excretion (urea, uric acid), and Vitamin D synthesis.
    • Skin structure includes epidermis (outermost, stratified squamous epithelium), dermis (dense connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands), and subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis, fat storage, anchors skin).

    Epidermis Layers

    • Stratum basale (germinativum): bottom layer, basal cells.
    • Stratum spinosum: above basale, keratin production.
    • Stratum granulosum: loses nucleus, keratin builds up.
    • Stratum lucidum: present in thick skin (palms/soles).
    • Stratum corneum (corneocytes): outermost, dead cells, keratin, barrier.

    Dermis Cells

    • Keratinocytes: most common skin cells, produce keratin (strength).
    • Melanocytes: produce melanin (skin color).
    • Dendritic cells: pathogen recognition, immune response.
    • Tactile (Merkel) cells: light touch sensation.

    Skin Appendages

    • Cutaneous glands: exocrine glands (sebaceous, sweat), secrete oils/moisture, regulate skin conditions.
    • Sebaceous glands: secrete sebum (oils).
    • Sweat glands: produce sweat (water, salt, waste).

    Skin Homeostatic Imbalances

    • Burns: tissue damage from heat, electricity, UV, or chemicals.
    • Infections: Athlete's foot (tinea pedis), boils, carbuncles, cold sores, and impetigo.
    • Allergies.

    Skin Cancer

    • Causes include mutations, chemicals, physical trauma.
    • Types include basal cell carcinoma (common, least malignant).
    • Squamous cell carcinoma (scalp, dorsum, lower lip), malignant melanoma (melanocytes, spreading).

    Skeletal System

    • 206 bones in adults (300 in babies), support and structure.
    • Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
    • Appendicular skeleton: limbs, pectoral/pelvic girdles.
    • Bone types: long, short, flat, irregular.
    • Bone functions: support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis.
    • Bone formation: intramembranous (skull) and endochondral (majority).

    Bone Structures

    • Projections and processes: attachment sites for muscles, ligaments.
    • Depressions and hollows: articulations, passageways for blood vessels, nerves.
    • Condyle, crest, epicondyle, foramen and fossa are all features related to bone.

    Skull Structure

    • Two main groups: cranial (skull) and facial bones.
    • Cranial bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.
    • Facial bones: support facial features and structures.
    • Fontanels are membrane connecting incomplete skull bones in infants.
    • Ear ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes (smallest bones).

    Spinal Column

    • Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
    • Vertebrae structures and functions.
    • Ribs connect to the thoracic vertebrae.

    Hip Bones

    • Formed by ilium, ischium, pubis.
    • Part of the pelvic girdle.

    Joints

    • Connective tissue joining bones.
    • Types: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
    • Synovial joints are the most freely movable types—they're covered by cartilage and fluid.
    • Common illnesses related to joints include arthritis.

    Muscular System

    • Muscle tissue types: skeletal (attached to bones, voluntary), smooth (internal organs, involuntary), cardiac (heart, involuntary).
    • Muscle functions: movement, posture, heat production.
    • Muscle cell/muscle fibers and their functions.
    • Prime mover, synergists and antagonists are muscle groups responsible for movement.

    Muscle Tissue Characteristics

    • Excitability: receive and respond to stimuli.
    • Contractility: shorten and thicken.
    • Extensibility: lengthen.
    • Elasticity: return to resting length.

    Energy Production in Muscles

    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate): chemical energy for muscle contractions.
    • Creatine phosphate, aerobic respiration, and lactic acid production are three ways muscles make ATP to perform muscle contraction.

    Body Movements

    • Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, and adduction.
    • Muscle groups that perform these movements.

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    Related Documents

    Integumentary System PDF

    Description

    Explore the integumentary system, its synonyms, functions, and detailed skin structure. This quiz covers the layers of the epidermis and the types of cells in the dermis, focusing on their roles in skin protection and maintenance.

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