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What is the function of a foramen in a bone?
What is the function of a foramen in a bone?
Which bone is the smallest in the human body?
Which bone is the smallest in the human body?
What does the term 'epicondyle' refer to in bone anatomy?
What does the term 'epicondyle' refer to in bone anatomy?
Which bone forms the lower jaw in humans?
Which bone forms the lower jaw in humans?
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What is the primary characteristic of the sphenoid bone?
What is the primary characteristic of the sphenoid bone?
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What action is primarily performed by the triceps brachii?
What action is primarily performed by the triceps brachii?
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Which muscle is responsible for flexing the wrist?
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the wrist?
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What is the primary action of the diaphragm during breathing?
What is the primary action of the diaphragm during breathing?
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Which muscle functions to rotate the arm medially?
Which muscle functions to rotate the arm medially?
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What action does the orbicularis oris muscle perform?
What action does the orbicularis oris muscle perform?
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Which muscle is involved in extending the fingers, excluding the thumb?
Which muscle is involved in extending the fingers, excluding the thumb?
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Which muscle primarily acts to adduct the arm?
Which muscle primarily acts to adduct the arm?
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What is the role of the external and internal obliques?
What is the role of the external and internal obliques?
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What is the function of the pectoralis minor muscle?
What is the function of the pectoralis minor muscle?
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Which muscle group is responsible for flexing the leg at the knee?
Which muscle group is responsible for flexing the leg at the knee?
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Which of the following statements about warming up is correct?
Which of the following statements about warming up is correct?
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Which muscle is involved in the abduction of the thigh?
Which muscle is involved in the abduction of the thigh?
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What effect does cooling down have after exercise?
What effect does cooling down have after exercise?
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What is the primary characteristic of muscular dystrophy?
What is the primary characteristic of muscular dystrophy?
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Which muscle flexes the foot and leg at the knee?
Which muscle flexes the foot and leg at the knee?
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Which of the following is a function of the trapezius muscle?
Which of the following is a function of the trapezius muscle?
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What is the primary function of multimodal smooth muscle?
What is the primary function of multimodal smooth muscle?
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Which term refers to the muscle that is primarily responsible for a movement?
Which term refers to the muscle that is primarily responsible for a movement?
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What is the relationship between the origin and insertion of a muscle?
What is the relationship between the origin and insertion of a muscle?
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Which of the following body movements involves bending a body part?
Which of the following body movements involves bending a body part?
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What best describes peristalsis?
What best describes peristalsis?
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Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the arm at the elbow?
Which muscle is primarily responsible for flexing the arm at the elbow?
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What is a major characteristic of visceral smooth muscle?
What is a major characteristic of visceral smooth muscle?
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Which muscle action occurs when the toes are pointed down?
Which muscle action occurs when the toes are pointed down?
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What type of arthritis is characterized by degeneration of cartilage and bones in weight-bearing joints?
What type of arthritis is characterized by degeneration of cartilage and bones in weight-bearing joints?
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Which of the following statements about rheumatoid arthritis is true?
Which of the following statements about rheumatoid arthritis is true?
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What is bursitis associated with?
What is bursitis associated with?
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What type of tumor does Ewing's Family of Tumors (EFT) primarily affect?
What type of tumor does Ewing's Family of Tumors (EFT) primarily affect?
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What condition arises from the overuse of the wrist leading to median nerve compression?
What condition arises from the overuse of the wrist leading to median nerve compression?
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Which bones are part of the pectoral girdle?
Which bones are part of the pectoral girdle?
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How many phalanges are there in one hand?
How many phalanges are there in one hand?
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What is the main characteristic of osteoarthritis?
What is the main characteristic of osteoarthritis?
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What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
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Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of dead cells known as corneocytes?
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of dead cells known as corneocytes?
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Which of the following correctly describes keratinocytes?
Which of the following correctly describes keratinocytes?
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What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?
What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?
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Which function is NOT performed by the integumentary system?
Which function is NOT performed by the integumentary system?
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What layer of the skin is specifically present in the thicker skin of the palms and soles?
What layer of the skin is specifically present in the thicker skin of the palms and soles?
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Which type of damage can the integumentary system protect against?
Which type of damage can the integumentary system protect against?
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Which two components work together to create the protective barrier of the skin?
Which two components work together to create the protective barrier of the skin?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Synonyms for integumentary system are integument, skin, and cutaneous membrane.
- Functions include protection from damage (mechanical, chemical, thermal, bacterial, UV radiation, desiccation), body temperature regulation (heat loss/retention), excretion (urea, uric acid), and Vitamin D synthesis.
- Skin structure includes epidermis (outermost, stratified squamous epithelium), dermis (dense connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat glands), and subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis, fat storage, anchors skin).
Epidermis Layers
- Stratum basale (germinativum): bottom layer, basal cells.
- Stratum spinosum: above basale, keratin production.
- Stratum granulosum: loses nucleus, keratin builds up.
- Stratum lucidum: present in thick skin (palms/soles).
- Stratum corneum (corneocytes): outermost, dead cells, keratin, barrier.
Dermis Cells
- Keratinocytes: most common skin cells, produce keratin (strength).
- Melanocytes: produce melanin (skin color).
- Dendritic cells: pathogen recognition, immune response.
- Tactile (Merkel) cells: light touch sensation.
Skin Appendages
- Cutaneous glands: exocrine glands (sebaceous, sweat), secrete oils/moisture, regulate skin conditions.
- Sebaceous glands: secrete sebum (oils).
- Sweat glands: produce sweat (water, salt, waste).
Skin Homeostatic Imbalances
- Burns: tissue damage from heat, electricity, UV, or chemicals.
- Infections: Athlete's foot (tinea pedis), boils, carbuncles, cold sores, and impetigo.
- Allergies.
Skin Cancer
- Causes include mutations, chemicals, physical trauma.
- Types include basal cell carcinoma (common, least malignant).
- Squamous cell carcinoma (scalp, dorsum, lower lip), malignant melanoma (melanocytes, spreading).
Skeletal System
- 206 bones in adults (300 in babies), support and structure.
- Axial skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
- Appendicular skeleton: limbs, pectoral/pelvic girdles.
- Bone types: long, short, flat, irregular.
- Bone functions: support, protection, movement, hematopoiesis.
- Bone formation: intramembranous (skull) and endochondral (majority).
Bone Structures
- Projections and processes: attachment sites for muscles, ligaments.
- Depressions and hollows: articulations, passageways for blood vessels, nerves.
- Condyle, crest, epicondyle, foramen and fossa are all features related to bone.
Skull Structure
- Two main groups: cranial (skull) and facial bones.
- Cranial bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid.
- Facial bones: support facial features and structures.
- Fontanels are membrane connecting incomplete skull bones in infants.
- Ear ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes (smallest bones).
Spinal Column
- Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx.
- Vertebrae structures and functions.
- Ribs connect to the thoracic vertebrae.
Hip Bones
- Formed by ilium, ischium, pubis.
- Part of the pelvic girdle.
Joints
- Connective tissue joining bones.
- Types: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
- Synovial joints are the most freely movable types—they're covered by cartilage and fluid.
- Common illnesses related to joints include arthritis.
Muscular System
- Muscle tissue types: skeletal (attached to bones, voluntary), smooth (internal organs, involuntary), cardiac (heart, involuntary).
- Muscle functions: movement, posture, heat production.
- Muscle cell/muscle fibers and their functions.
- Prime mover, synergists and antagonists are muscle groups responsible for movement.
Muscle Tissue Characteristics
- Excitability: receive and respond to stimuli.
- Contractility: shorten and thicken.
- Extensibility: lengthen.
- Elasticity: return to resting length.
Energy Production in Muscles
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate): chemical energy for muscle contractions.
- Creatine phosphate, aerobic respiration, and lactic acid production are three ways muscles make ATP to perform muscle contraction.
Body Movements
- Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, abduction, and adduction.
- Muscle groups that perform these movements.
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Description
Explore the integumentary system, its synonyms, functions, and detailed skin structure. This quiz covers the layers of the epidermis and the types of cells in the dermis, focusing on their roles in skin protection and maintenance.
