Anatomy & Physiology Introduction and Homeostasis PDF

CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ↕ INTRODUCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS VALDERUEDA ANTERIOR or VENTRAL - afront ⇁ the breastbone is anterior to t...

CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ↕ INTRODUCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS VALDERUEDA ANTERIOR or VENTRAL - afront ⇁ the breastbone is anterior to the spine. INTRODUCTION POSTERIOR or DORSAL - behind ⇁ the spine is posterior to the breastbone. ANATOMY - study of structures or morphology. CEPHALAD or CRANIAL - towards the head PHYSIOLOGY - study of the functions of the body parts. ⇁ thoracic cavity is cephalad to the abdominopelvic cavity. MEDIAL - midline FOUR REFERENCE BASIC SYSTEMS ⇁ the nose is medial to the eyes. LATERAL - on both sides 1. Terms of Directions ⇁ the ears are lateral to the eyes. 2. Body Planes PROXIMAL - closest to the trunk of the body. 3. Body Cavities 4. Structural Units ⇁ the wrist is proximal to the fingers. DISTAL - farthest from the trunk ⇁ the fingers are distal to the wrist. 1 TERMS OF DIRECTIONS SUPERFICIAL - topmost layer ; surface of the body ⇁ skin is superficial to the bones. DEEP - deepest layer What is ANATOMICAL POSITION? ⇁ bones are deep to skin. ↳ Standard position of the human body consists of the body standing upright and facing forward with the legs parallel to one another and the hands and feet 2 BODY PLANES positioned towards the front. What are BODY PLANES? PRONE - face-down ; dapa ↳ are hypothetical geometric planes SUPINE (Dorsal Recumbent) - face-up ; hilata used to divide the body into sections. SUPERIOR - above ⇁ the head is superior to the neck. INFERIOR or CAUDAL - under or below ⇁ the chin is inferior to the mouth. 1 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ↕ INTRODUCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS VALDERUEDA - superior dorsal - 2nd largest cavity 1. SAGITTAL - division of the CRANIAL CAVITY - contains the brain body’s right and left parts. SPINAL or VERTEBRAL - contains the spinal cord MID SAGITTAL - equal division 2. VENTRAL CAVITY - contains organs that are involved in PARA-SAGITTAL - homeostasis ; in the trunk of the body. unequal division - Largest cavity (both thoracic and abdominopelvic) 2. TRANSVERSE or THORACIC CAVITY - facilitates respiration and HORIZONTAL - division of houses several vital organs and structures. superior and inferior parts. ⇁ PERICARDIAL CAVITY - contains the heart ⇁ PLEURAL CAVITY - contains the lungs 3. FRONTAL or CORONAL - division of anterior and ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY - contains the major posterior parts. organs of the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems. 3 BODY CAVITIES What are BODY CAVITIES? ↳ any space or compartment, or potential space in the animal body. Cavities accommodate organs and other structures. 1. DORSAL CAVITY - contains the nervous system. 2 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ↕ INTRODUCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS VALDERUEDA 2. SKELETAL SYSTEM - body support 4 STRUCTURAL UNITS - facilitation of movement - protection of internal organs, storage of minerals and fat. atom → molecules → organelles → cells → tissues → organ → - blood cell formation & made out of calcium organ system → organism 3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM ATOM Anything that has mass ; the basic particles of the chemical elements. - allow movement a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces - when muscles contract, they contribute to gross and fine MOLECULES known as chemical bonds movement (provides heat). ORGANELLES a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell. 4. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CELLS basic unit of life - delivers blood, toxins, nutrients, and oxygen to the body tissues TISSUES a group of specialized cells that work together for a particular - eliminates carbon dioxide produced by metabolism function. ORGAN a distinct structure made up of tissues that have a specific function. 5. NERVOUS SYSTEM - receives information about the environment around ORGAN SYSTEM a collection of organs with functions within an organism us (sensation) - generating responses to that information (motor ORGANISM a living thing that carries out life’s functions. responses) ⇁ CNS (Central) - brain & brain stem 1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ⇁ PNS (Peripheral) - nerve - protects the body's internal living tissues and organs - protects against invasion by infectious organism 6. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - protects the body from dehydration - release hormones into the bloodstream ↳ helps control mood, growth and development the way our organs work, and metabolism 3 CENTRO ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL - MANILA ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ↕ INTRODUCTION AND HOMEOSTASIS VALDERUEDA 5 HOMEOSTASIS 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM - immune system What is HOMEOSTASIS? - helps the body get rid of toxins. ↳ the body's way of maintaining an internal constant environment. - same with circulatory but no pump 1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP - acts to oppose the 8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM stimulus - absorb of oxygen ❖ stimulus - trigger - cleans waste gases like carbon dioxide ❖ sensor - detector of change in environment ; acknowledges stimulus 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ❖ control - relay information to the control center. - digestion of food ❖ effector - will process information and the action - absorption of nutrients done - elimination of waste ↳ body temperature regulation ↳ hypertension 10. URINARY SYSTEM ↳ diabetes - filters blood & creates urine 2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP - processes that need to be pushed to 11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM completion - produce egg and sperm cells ↳ childbirth - transport and sustain these cells ↳ wound - nurture the development of offspring clotting 4