Anatomy & Physiology Lecture Notes PDF

**Anatomy & Physiology** **(Lecture)** **Anatomy** - Science of body structures and the relationships among them. - ***Ana*** -- up ***Tomy*** -- process of cutting **Physiology** - Science of body functions -- how the body parts work. **Planes and Section** - **Plane --** geome...

**Anatomy & Physiology** **(Lecture)** **Anatomy** - Science of body structures and the relationships among them. - ***Ana*** -- up ***Tomy*** -- process of cutting **Physiology** - Science of body functions -- how the body parts work. **Planes and Section** - **Plane --** geometrical concept referring to an imagined flat surface A. **Sagittal/Longitudinal Plane** -- right and left portions of the body a. **Median plane/Midsagittal plane --** passes through the midline of the body/organ and divides it into equal right and left side. b. **Parasagittal plane --** divides the body/organ into unequal right and left side. B. **Frontal/ Coronal Plane --** divides body into anterior and posterior portions. C. **Transverse/Horizontal Plane -** divides body into superior and inferior portions **August 06, 2024** **(Tuesday)** - **Section --** refers to a part cut in a plane - **Transverse section/cross section** **(-) --** cross wise - **Oblique section (/) -** a transverse section cut a diagonal angle - **Longitudinal section (\|) -** lengthwise **Regional Names** 1. **Head** -- skull (encloses and protects the face) and face (front portion of the head -- eyes, nose, mouth, cheeks, chin) 2. **Neck** -- supports the head and attaches it to the trunk 3. **Trunk** -- body itself, consists of chest, abdomen, and pelvis. 4. **Upper limb** -- attaches to the lateral trunk - armpit, shoulder to hand 5. **Lower limb** -- attaches to the lower trunk -- buttocks, thigh to foot **Directional Terms** +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Directional | **Definition** | **Example of | **Illustration* | | Term** | | Use** | * | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Superior/Ceph | Towards the | The heart is | | | alic/Cranial** | head, upper | superior to the | | | | part | liver. | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Inferior/Caud | Away from the | The stomach is |  | | | part | lungs | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Anterior/Vent | Nearer to or at | Sternum is | | | ral** | front of body | anterior to the | | | | | heart | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Posterior/Dor | Nearer to or at | Esophagus is |  | | | | the trachea | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Medial** | Near to midline | -Ulna is medial | | | | | to radius | | | | | | | | | | -Nose is medial | | | | | to the eyes | | | | | | | | | | -Torso is | | | | | medial to the | | | | | arms | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Lateral** | Away from the | -Lungs are | | | | midline | lateral to | | | | | heart | | | | | | | | | | -Eyes are | | | | | lateral to the | | | | | nose | | | | | | | | | | -Arms are | | | | | lateral to the | | | | | torso | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Intermediate* | Between | Transverse | | | * | structures | colon is | | | | | intermediate to | | | | | ascend and | | | | | descend colon | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Ipsilateral** | Same side of | Bell's palsy | | | | the body | (if the left | | | | | side facial | | | | | nerve is the | | | | | problem, it | | | | | would also | | | | | affect the left | | | | | side of the | | | | | face | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Contralateral | Opposite side | Stroke (affects | | | ** | of the body | the right side | | | | | of the brain, | | | | | typically | | | | | causes weakness | | | | | or paralysis on | | | | | the left side | | | | | of the body) | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Proximal** | -Near the | -Elbow is | | | | origin of | proximal to the | | | | structure | wrist because | | | | | the elbow is | | | | -Closer to the | closer to the | | | | point of | shoulder | | | | attachment | (trunk). | | | | (limb or body | | | | | part) | -Wrist is | | | | | proximal to the | | | | | hand | | | | | | | | | | -Shoulder is | | | | | proximal to the | | | | | elbow | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Distal** | -Far from the | -Phalanges are |  | | | structure | carpals | | | | | | | | | -Distance from | -Elbow is | | | | the attachment | distal to the | | | | point (further | shoulder | | | | away from | | | | | central | -Wrist is | | | | attachment | distal to the | | | | point or trunk) | elbow | | | | | | | | | | -Hand is distal | | | | | to the wrist | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Superficial/E | Towards or on | Ribs are | | | xternal** | surface of the | superficial to | | | | body | lungs | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Deep/Internal | Away from | Ribs are deep | | | ** | surface of the | to the skin of | | | | body | chest and back | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **Anatomical Terms** **Front** **Anterior** ---------------- ---------------------------------- Head Cephalic Skull Cranial/Cranium Face Facial Neck/Nape Cervical Forehead Frontal Temple Temporal Eye Orbital/Ocular Ear Otic Cheek Buccal Nose Nasal Mouth Oral Chin Mental Armpit Axillary Arm Brachial Front of Elbow Antecubital Forearm Antebrachial Wrist Carpal Palm Palmar/Volar Fingers Phalanges/Phalanx/Digits/Digital Chest Thoracic Abdomen Abdominal Breastbone Sternum Breast Mammary Navel Umbilicus Hand/Thumb Manual/Pollex Pelvis Pelvic Pubis Pubic Groin Inguinal Hip Coxal Thigh Femoral Leg Crural Kneecap Patella Ankle Tarsal Toes Phalanges/Phalanx/Digits/Digital Foot Pedal Top of Foot Dorsum Great toe Hallux **Back** **Posterior** ------------------------- ------------------- Base of skull Occipital Shoulder blade Scapula Spinal column/spine Vertebral Back Dorsal Elbow Olecranon Loin/low back Lumbar Between hips/tailbone Sacrum/coccyx Buttocks Gluteal Anus/external genitalia Perineal/perineum Hollow behind the knee Popliteal Calf Sural Sole Plantar Heel Calcaneal **Illustration** a.  Anterior view (b) Posterior view **Anatomical Position** - Erect facing - Refers to the position of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- - Standing upright - Head and eyes directed straight ahead - Upper limbs at the sides - Upper limbs slightly away from trunk - Palms facing forward - Thumbs pointing away from body - Lower limbs parallel - Feet flat on the ground and facing forward \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- 1. **Prone** *(dapa)* -- lying on your tummy 2. **Supine** *(tihaya)* -- lying on your back 3. **Right Lateral Recumbent --** lying on the right side 4. **Left Lateral Recumbent --** lying on the left side 5. **Fowler's --** sitting straight up or leaning slightly back **Organ Systems** 1. **The Circulatory System** - transports oxygen and nutrients to all corners of the body. - Carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products **Includes:** Heart, blood, Blood vessels (arteries and veins) 2. **The Lymphatic System** - Drainage system of the body - Carries excess fluid, proteins, fats, bacteria, and other substances away from cells and spaces between cells. It does this using: **Lymph vessels, Lymph nodes, Lymph ducts, Various glands** - Helps create and circulate vital cells that fight disease. **Includes:** Lymphocytes and monocytes and antibodies 3. **The Respiratory System** - Responsible for breathing, which is the controlled movement of air in and out of the body (ventilation) - Moves oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of the blood stream (respiration) **Contains:** Lungs, Trachea, Airways of the respiratory tree 4. **The Integumentary System** - Is unique because it is the largest and only single-organ system in the body - Protects the body from the external and environment and helps regulate the body temperature **Includes:** Sweat glands, Hair follicles, Nails, Nerves 5. **The Endocrine System** - Mostly regulates metabolism and uses the products of digestion - Considered one of the most complicated systems in the body 6. **The Digestive System** - The gastrointestinal (GI) system is sometimes referred to as the gut or the digestive system - Responsible for breaking down foods into nutrients, which the body needs for energy, growth, and cell repair. **Includes:** Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus, Pancreas, Gallbladder, Liver 7. **The Urinary (Excretory) System** - It works together to filter blood and remove toxins and waste from body tissues - The removal of excess fluid through this organ system also helps regulate blood pressure **Includes:** Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra 8. **The Musculoskeletal System** - Provides the framework and the engine for our movement, posture, and physical abilities **Includes:** Skeleton, all muscles, tendons, ligaments attached to the skeleton 9. **Skeletal System** - Providing body's structure and facilitating its mobility - Contains **206** bones (**80** bones of the axial skeleton -- spine and the core of the body, **126** bones in the appendicular skeleton -arms, legs, bones away from the core) - Contains bone marrow to produce blood and lymph cells. 10. **The Nervous System** - A network that makes it possible for different parts of the body to communicate with one another. (body's command station) **The Central Nervous System** - The brain - The spinal cord **The Peripheral Nervous System** - All the nerves connected to both of these organs 11. **The Immune System** - helps the body fight against infection and other diseases.  - is one of the most complicated systems of all 12. **The Reproductive System** - the only organ system that is not complete in any one body and requires another person (or medical intervention) to complete its mission, producing offspring. - ovaries and testicles also play important roles in the endocrine system, producing estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone. **Anatomy & Physiology August 07, 2024** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Directional Term** | **Definition** | **Example of Use** | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Superior** | Above or higher in | The heart is superior | | | position; Towards the | to the liver. | | | head (**not used in | | | | reference to the | | | | limbs**) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Cranial** | Skull or head; Toward | The stomach is more | | | the head | cranial than the | | | | urinary bladder | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Inferior** | Below or lower in | The stomach is | | | position; Toward the | inferior to the lungs | | | feet (not used in | | | | reference to the | | | | limbs) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Rostral** | Relating to the nose | The frontal lobe of | | | and mouth region, | the brain is rostral | | | toward the face | to the occipital | | | | lobe. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Caudal** | Relating to the tail; | The lumbar vertebrae | | | at or near the tail | are caudal to the | | | or posterior part of | cervical vertebrae. | | | the body | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Anterior/Ventral** | Nearer to or at front | Sternum is anterior | | | of body | to the heart | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Posterior/Dorsal** | Nearer to or at back | Esophagus is | | | of body | posterior to the | | | | trachea | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Medial** | Nearer to midline, | -Ulna is medial to | | | Divides the body into | radius | | | equal left and right | | | | sides | -Nose is medial to | | | | the eyes | | | | | | | | -Torso is medial to | | | | the arms | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Lateral** | Farther from the | The lungs are lateral | | | midline | to the heart | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Ipsilateral** | On the same side of | The gallbladder and | | | the body's midline as | ascending colon are | | | another structure | ipsilateral. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Contralateral** | On the opposite side | The ascending and | | | of the body's midline | descending colons are | | | from another | contralateral. | | | structure | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Proximal** | Nearer to the | The humerus (arm | | | attachment of a limb | bone) is proximal to | | | to the trunk; nearer | the radius. | | | to the origin of a | | | | structure | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Distal** | Farther from the | The phalanges are | | | attachment of a limb | distal to the | | | to the trunk; farther | carpals. | | | from the origin of a | | | | structure | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Superficial/Externa | Towards or on surface | Ribs are superficial | | l** | of the body | to lungs | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Deep** | Away from the surface | The ribs are deep to | | | of the body. | the skin of the chest | | | | and back. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Directional terms precisely locate various parts of the body relative to one another**  **The nine-region designation is used for anatomical studies**