Analytical Chemistry Lecture 1.pdf

St. Petersburg University Egypt Branch - 2024 Analytical Chemistry Lecture 1 Lists of Learning Outcomes Upon completing this course, students will: Know universal theoretical fundamentals of analytical and physical and chemical methods of analysis, t...

St. Petersburg University Egypt Branch - 2024 Analytical Chemistry Lecture 1 Lists of Learning Outcomes Upon completing this course, students will: Know universal theoretical fundamentals of analytical and physical and chemical methods of analysis, the conditions for performing analytical determinations, areas to apply various methods of analysis. Be able to prepare standard solutions for titrimetric, photometric methods of determination, be able to titrate. To identify analytes and determine the content by chemical, physical and physical and chemical methods. To perform measurements using photoelectrocolorimeters, pH meters, atomic emission, atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescent spectrometers. What is Analytical Chemistry? Analytical Chemistry is a branch of chemistry focusing on: 1- Separation 2- Identification 3- Quantification of chemical components in a sample 4- Characterization of chemical substances It is Essential for: 1- Drug development 2- Quality control 3- Ensuring safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products Importance of Analytical Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences: 1- Drug discovery and development Identifying and characterizing new drugs Determining purity, stability, and physicochemical properties 2- Quality control Ensuring purity, potency, and safety of pharmaceutical products 3- Drug formulation Analyzing composition and stability of drug formulations Assessing compatibility with excipients Main Directions of Analytical Chemistry Development The development of analytical chemistry is driven by demand for more sensitive, selective, and efficient methods of analysis The main directions of development include: 1) Miniaturization and automation of analytical techniques 2) Integration of multiple analytical methods for comprehensive sample characterization 3) Development of non-destructive and in-situ analysis methods 4) Application of advanced data processing techniques Classification of Identification and Determination Methods Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis methods methods Used to identify the presence or absence Used to determine the amount or of specific chemical components in a concentration of a chemical component in sample. a sample. Methods include: Methods include: 1- Chemical tests (precipitation, color 1- Gravimetric analysis change, flame tests) 2- Titrimetric analysis (acid-base, redox, 2- Spectroscopic techniques complexometric titrations) 3- Chromatographic techniques 3- Spectroscopic techniques 4- Mass spectrometry 4- Electrochemical techniques (potentiometry, voltammetry) 5- Chromatographic techniques Analytical Signal Definition: A measurable quantity related to the concentration or amount of the analyte in a sample Types of analytical signals: 1- Electrical signals (voltage, current, resistance) 2- Optical signals (absorbance, fluorescence) 3- Chromatographic peak area or height Analytical signal is related to analyte properties: 1- Concentration 2- Structure 3- physicochemical characteristics  Example of Relationship between Analytical Signals and Properties of Substances Calibration curves Used to establish the relationship between signal and concentration Enable quantitative Signal determination of the analyte  Analytical Analysis Stages 1. Sampling and sample preparation Sampling: selecting a representative portion of a material for analysis Sample preparation: converting the sample into a form suitable for analysis (dissolution, extraction, derivatization) 2. Separation and isolation of analytes In complex samples, the analyte of interest often needs to be separated from the matrix components before analysis. Separation techniques include: Extraction, Chromatography, Electrophoresis 3. Measurement and data acquisition Measurement: using analytical instruments or chemical reactions to generate an analytical signal Data acquisition: recording and storing the analytical signal for further processing 4. Data processing and interpretation Data processing: transforming raw analytical data into meaningful information Data interpretation: deriving conclusions about the sample based on the processed data Factors Influencing the Choice of Determination Method 1. Nature of the sample and analyte 2. Required sensitivity, selectivity, and precision 3. Available instrumentation and resources 4. Cost and time constraints 5. Skill level of the analyst