American Revolution 1 PDF

The Story Thus Far European nations were competing with each other for: – World resources – Military strength – Political superiority Some nations were upsetting the balance of power Overview Also called War for Independence Started in 1775 in Lexington and Conco...

The Story Thus Far European nations were competing with each other for: – World resources – Military strength – Political superiority Some nations were upsetting the balance of power Overview Also called War for Independence Started in 1775 in Lexington and Concord Massachusetts Caused America to separate from Great Britain Ended in 1783 Major Causes The French and Indian War End of Salutary Neglect Grenville Program Townshend Program Loss of civil liberties  The French and Indian War—1754 Rivalry between the French and British Who will control North America? British, colonists, and Native American allies fought French and Native American allies The French and Indian War—1754-1763 Colonists gained: Great Britain’s national debt Military experience nearly doubled during the Military leadership war Political leadership Sense of unity British expected Americans Sense that they could to pay for the war survive without GB. Underlying Causes of the American Revolution Growing sense of colonial military security by Colonists Physical distance between the government and the governed Misunderstandings Horrible misjudgments by British government Longstanding resentments of mercantilist policy Development of the “American Character”  Grenville Program: A series of British regulations which taxed goods imported by the colonies from places other than Britain, or otherwise sought to control and regulate colonial trade. End of Increased British-colonial trade and tax revenues. (designed by George Grenville) Salutary Included: Neglect ▪ Proclamation of 1763 ▪ Revenue Act of 1764 (Sugar Act) ▪ Stamp Act of 1765 ▪ Quartering Act of 1765 The Sugar Act - 1764 First attempt to raise income from the Colonies Duty on sugar and molasses not obtained from Britain Indirect tax Smuggling increased; cases tried in Great Britain  The Stamp Act—1765 Official government stamp required on all legal documents 1st direct tax Colonists saw this as invasion of privacy  Stamp Act Congress-1765 The first formal ‘congress’ of the colonies 9 out of 13 colonies sent representatives to NY (Va.,GA, NC, NH did not) Strongly expressed the belief of no taxation withou representation in Parliament. Declared only elected representatives of the colonists could issue taxes Boston Diary “Dined with three hundred and fifty Sons of Liberty, at Robinson’s, the Sign of Liberty Tree in Dorchester…. To the Honour of the Sons, I did not see one Person intoxicated, or near it.” —John Adams (1769) Single click the speaker icon to hear the clip >>>> Colonial reaction to Stamp Act Congress: Boycotts of Stamp Act Sons of Liberty (Daughters of Liberty too) Committees of Correspondence British reaction to Stamp Act Congress: Repeal of Stamp Act Immediately followed by ‘Declaratory Act’, which restated GB’s power over colonies and right to pass any law that wished Which led to passage of the Townshend Acts Townshend Acts 1767 Another act, the Townshend Acts of 1767, placed taxes on glass, lead, paint and tea and was used to pay salaries of colonial officers – including governors & judges. In response, the colonists boycotted all British goods.  VIOLENCE! Violence erupts as British troops are sent to Boston 1768. This leads to the Boston Massacre.  The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770 It happened as tensions between colonists and redcoats peaked Townspeople pushed to the customs house and the British guard called for help as colonists were crowding  The crowd of colonists began to throw stones, wood, etc. at the soldiers, and several soldiers were knocked down. They fired shots at the crowd, and several colonists were killed. The riot was used as propaganda by the colonists. The Bloody Massacre Perpetrated in King Street  Fallout from the Boston Massacre Crispus Attucks was the first colonist killed. He was of African-American descent. The British soldiers were put on trial in Boston. They were defended by John Adams. Adams argued that the shootings occurred as a result of self-defense, and they were found to be innocent. Boston Tea Party—December, 1773 Parliament rescinded all of the Townshend Acts taxes except those on tea British sold tea even more cheaply than smuggled tea Protest organized partly out of anger over the taxes, partly over fear that low prices would break the boycott Colonists dressed up as Mohawks Colonists boarded tea ships Tea was dumped overboard GB furious, and passed ‘Coercive Acts’. (Intolerable Acts  The Intolerable Acts—1774: what were the 2 purposes of the Acts? Boston Port Act Closed the port of Boston until damages were repaid. Massachusetts Government Act Revoked charter for Massachusetts; made it a Royal colony. Banned town meetings Enacted martial law Administration of Justice Act This act allowed the governor to move capital trials against government officials to Great Britain. Quartering Act The Quartering Act of 1774 expanded upon the original Quartering Act of 1765; more soldiers required to stay in more places both private and business. Quebec Act The Quebec Act expanded the British Canadian territory south into the Ohio Valley, taking that land from 13 colonies. It also made the Quebec Province a Catholic province.. First Continental Congress 56 Delegates Included George Washington, Patrick Henry John and Sam Adams, Ben Franklin, John Jay Direct response to Intolerable Acts Met in Philadelphia – 1774 Georgia did not attend Colonists Agreed To: Boycott British goods Arm themselves and form militias Appeal to the King and Parliament (Declaration and Resolves) Agreed to meet again the following spring  King George III Refused To: Allow American colonist representation in Parliament No respond to colonists’ complaints and official grievances King George III  “The Shot Heard Round the World” Lexington and Concord American colonists stockpiled weapons in Concord, Massachusetts 800 British troops marched through Lexington on the way to Concord Paul Revere: “The British are coming!” Lexington and Concord  Indignation against the British ran high in the Colonies — for they had shed American blood on American soil. Radicals such as Sam Adams took advantage of the bloodshed to increase tensions through propaganda and rumor-spreading. The Americans surrounded the town of Boston, and the rebel army started gaining many new recruits. During the battles of Lexington and Concord: 73 British soldiers had been killed and 174 wounded; 26 were missing. LORD PERCY, who led the British back into Boston after the defeat suffered at Concord, wrote back to London, "Whoever looks upon them [THE REBELS] as an irregular mob will be much mistaken." Three British major generals — WILLIAM HOWE, HENRY CLINTON, and "GENTLEMAN JOHNNY" BURGOYNE — were brought to Boston to lend their expertise and experience to the situation. Why is Lexington and Concord a turning point in the Revolutionary War? Second Continental Congress May, 1775 Radicals vs. Moderates Bunker Hill (June, 1775) Olive Branch Petition (July, 1775) Created army, put GW in charge Created committee to ask European nations for help ‘Common Sense’ (Thomas Paine)- January, 1776 Decided to officially separate from Britain Committee selected to draft the reasons for separation Thomas Jefferson selected by committee to write document  Key strategic Fort Ticonderoga—May, 1775 location in New York Ethan Allen and about 125 Green Mountain boys attacked fort The Fort was taken without firing a shot British officers and women and children were captured Cannons were taken from Ticonderoga to Boston Henry Knox: American Army top artillery commander Battle of Bunker Hill – June, 1775 Bunker Hill located near Boston Red Coats victorious in third charge Americans ran out of ammunition Moral victory for American Army Costliest battle for British during whole war British casualties 1,054 American casualties 441 “Don’t fire until you see Washington took command of the army two weeks after this battle the whites of their eyes.” —Israel Putnam The Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jefferson It is the “Birth Certificate of the United States” Document listed rights and grievances against King George III 4 parts 1. Preamble 2. Declaration of rights 3. List of Grievances 4. Resolution Quick Class Discussion: Based on this word cloud, hypothesize THREE major themes present in the Declaration of Independence? Decoding the Declaration of Independence 1. We should explain why we are declaring independence 2. All people have natural rights 3. Government power comes from the people 4. If a gov’t cannot protect people, then the people should create a new gov’t that can 5. King George III has abused his power 6. These are the reasons we believe that the king has abused his powers 7. We have explained to the king why we are unhappy but he has ignored us and hurt us 8. Because of the king’s abusive actions, we are declaring our independence as a new nation  Key Quotes in the Declaration “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal” “That they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights” “That among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” Locke  What Happened to those who Signed? Five were captured by the British, though eventually released Approximately 12 had their homes ransacked and burned One lost his son in the Continental Army Several suffered wounds in various battles  Independence Diary “There were bonfires, ringing bells, with other great demonstrations of joy upon the unanimity and agreement of the Declaration.” —Christopher Marshall (1776)  Choosing Sides Patriots – Supported the Revolution Loyalists – Americans who supported the King Red Coats/ Lobsterbacks – British Army By 1776, American colonists were divided into 3 groups Loyalists wanted to Neutrals were remain British colonies undecided about which side to choose Patriots supported separation from Britain (independence) Quick Class Discussion What was the biggest advantage the American colonists had during the Revolutionary War? What was the biggest advantage that Great Britain had during the Revolutionary War? Based on this chart, who should win the war? Revolutionary War When the war began, the British had a clear military advantage: 400% larger & more experienced army More money The world’s most dominant navy Manufacturing to make war supplies  Britain under-estimated Revolutionary War the colonial commitment to independence But, Tothe win,American the English had to find & defeathad: colonists the Continental Army Familiarity with the environment A commitment to win the war Short supply lines to their soldiers A defensive strategy to outlast the British  As leader of the Continental Army, George Washington was the symbol of the American cause He had to build a professional army & coordinate the militias Encouraged common citizens & volunteer soldiers to support the war even when the British seemed destined to win during the early years of the revolution American Military: Continental Army, Colonial Militias, & Civilians Military Leaders—American George Washington: Commander of Americans Forces Nathanael Greene: Top Strategist Henry Knox: Artillery Expert Benedict Arnold: Commander under Washington British Leaders General Charles Cornwallis General John Burgoyne Benedict Arnold William Howe All considered America one of the worst places to serve Other Key Players France, Spain, Germany and Poland Hessian mercenaries from Germany The Marquis de Lafayette: Frenchman who supported American cause Huge percentage of American gunpowder came from France Marquis de Lafayette  Bernardo De Other Key Players Galvez: Spanish lord in Mexico Baron Friedrich von Steuben: German military commander who helped train American troops Nathan Hale: American Spy “ I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”  The War at Sea Approximately 3,000 men enlisted—America made 13 Frigates Most, if not all, were destroyed or captured Colonial Navy authorized by Continental Congress October 13, 1775 Supplemented greatly by privateers  Differing Military Strategies General The Americans TheGeneral British Washington Gage Outlast the British Divide & Conquer Defend colonial Use Loyalists, seize lands & drag out property, the war encourage slave Guerilla tactics revolts Make an alliance Split the Northern & with France Southern colonies As long as Britain did not defeat the Continental Army, England could not win, Blockade ports and might to of get tired prevent trade fighting (war of attrition)  The American Revolution began at Lexington & Concord British victories from 1776-1777 made an American victory look impossible British Seizure & Burning of New York, 1776  On Christmas Eve 1776, Washington gave Americans hope by crossing the Delaware River & surprising British troops in Trenton, NJ  Crossing the Delaware in route to a surprise attack at Trenton & Princeton, 1776 From the beginning of the war, American diplomats, led by Benjamin Franklin, tried to form an alliance with the French The French gov’t was willing, but needed to see that the Americans had a chance to win The French agreed to join the American cause after the battle of Saratoga in 1777  The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point because France joined the Americans as an ally  The “turning point” of the Revolution: The Battle of Saratoga, 1777 After Saratoga, French general Lafayette helped train American troops while the French navy helped neutralize the British advantage on the high seas When French troops arrived in the spring 1778, the tide of the war shifted in favor of the Americans Marquis de Lafayette  During the winter of 1777-78, Continental Army troops nearly starved at Valley Forge, PA but Washington & Lafayette inspired & trained the troops to continue the fight Near Starvation at Valley Forge, PA in 1778 THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Why did Washington choose these words to read at Valley Forge?  From 1778-1781, both sides traded victories, but the war finally came to a conclusion at the Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown By 1781, Washington trapped the army of British General Cornwallis between the Continental Army & the French navy  General The BattleCornwallis surrendered of Yorktown to Washington in 1781, ending the American Revolution Cornwallis’ surrender was the “day the world turned upside down”  The Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the American Revolution The treaty gave America: Full independence All territory east of Mississippi River, between Canada & Florida The removal of the British army from U.S. claims in America  North America North America 1754 North 1763 America 1783  By 1750, the American colonists were loyal British citizens with Second autonomous, self-governing colonial Continental assemblies and a thriving trade Congress (1775) connection with England Proclamation of 1763 Lexington and Concord The policy of salutary neglect ended as (1775) Britain imposed greater political authority First Continental over the colonies, raised new taxes to pay Congress (1774) off war debts, and refused to allow Sons of colonists representation in Parliament Liberty Intolerable formed Acts (1774) Townshend Paine’s Acts (1767) Boston Tea Common Party (1773) Sense (1776) Stamp Act Boston Turning Point! Declaration of (1765) Massacr England defeated Independence (1776) e (1770) France in the French and Revolutionary War Indian War (1754-1763) (1775-1783) 1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775 1780 1785 The Articles of Confederation Written by John Dickson in 1777 Ratified in 1781 Governed Americans in 1781-1787 Paved way for new Constitution  Strengths Wage war Issue money Sign treaties (make peace) Set up post offices Appoint ambassadors Settle conflicts between states  Weaknesses NO President (Executive) NO Army NO Courts (Judicial) NO Taxing Power (monetary problems) No power to enforce laws (regulate trade) States were sovereign One vote per state regardless of population 9/13 states to pass a law 13/13 states to amend (make changes)  Effects/Results/Outcomes Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Set up rules for statehood once 60,000 people Outlawed slavery in new states (Northwest territories) Free education in new states  Effects/Results/Outcomes Shays Rebellion Led by former Continental army captain Daniel Shay Farmers wanted government to stop taking their land Formed an army that attacked local militias Made Americans frightened of more uprisings. Showed that the Articles could not protect them. Concluding Thoughts Eight years Timeless impact Subject of countless plays and films Maker of heroes Birth of a nation