Media and Information Literacy Final Exam PDF

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY AUDIO INFORMATION FINAL EXAMINATION 1ST TERM: 2ND QUARTER ⓒ Matignas, Ojeda 01 EVOLUTION OF AUDIO INFORMATION...

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY AUDIO INFORMATION FINAL EXAMINATION 1ST TERM: 2ND QUARTER ⓒ Matignas, Ojeda 01 EVOLUTION OF AUDIO INFORMATION TOPIC OVERVIEW PRE-HISTORIC AGE 1. AUDIO INFORMATION Evolution of Audio Information Forms of word-of-mouth Elements of Sound Design communication include storytelling, oral Audio Classification Principles of Sound Design tradition, and oral history. Prior to the Audio Conventions invention of writing, oral tradition served ○ Types of Audio as the sole means of communication Conventions available for forming and maintaining Issues on Audio Dimension societies and their institutions. Current and Future Trends in For prehistoric people, they were Audio Dimension beginning to learn how to manipulate 2. AUDIO-VISUAL INFORMATION the sounds of the landscapes around Evolution of Audio-Visual Media them and create “magical” phenomena Production Process which “accessed” hidden worlds. Types of Films Audio and Visual Codes Different Camera Shots MIDDLE AGE Different Camera Angles Different Camera Movement In medieval England, town criers were Symbolic Codes the chief means of news dissemination Current and Future Trends in and communication. Their importance Audio-Visual Dimension diminished after the invention of the Legal and Ethical Issues in Audio-Visual Dimension printing press and the later emergence 3. MEDIA REGULATORY AGENCIES of the newspapers. 4. THREATS Prevalence of sacred music i.e., Malinformation Gregorian chants due to the domination Disinformation of the early Christian Church. Secular Misinformation music also flourished. 5. CHECKOV’S GUN FALLACY  Charismatic individuals (shamans) provided an inexpensive source of claim the ability to change the weather, entertainment that replaced other, more heal illness, and help crops grow by costly pastimes, such as going to the manipulating sound in their chants. movies. INDUSTRIAL AGE ELECTRONIC AGE (1960s- early 200s) After the invention of the telegraph, the The music industry took advantage of human voice was next to be delivered the technological advancement through through cassette tapes, compact discs, and CD the wires. The invention of the telephone player is credited to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. DIGITAL AGE (early 200s-present) In 1887, Emile Berliner patented the first in a series of inventions that would result in Apple introduced iTunes and the the first commercially successful disc legendary iPod. Podcasting started in record and the gramophone. 2005. The music streaming sites (e.g., Pandora, iHeartRadio, iTunes Radio, ELECTRONIC AGE (1920s-1950s) YouTube Music, and Spotify) and its streaming compatibility with phones EARLY FORMS OF RADIO COMMUNICATION: changed the way people produce and Prior to the 1920s, the radio was primarily consume audio media and information. used to contact ships that were out at sea. Radio communications were 02 ELEMENTS OF SOUND DESIGN typically achieved using Morse code messages. During the World War, the military used it almost exclusively and it A. INFORMATION became an invaluable tool in sending and receiving messages to the armed HUMAN VOICE forces. THE RISE OF RADIO NETWORKS: Guglielmo Narration - descriptive and often takes Marconi is often credited as the inventor the form of a voice-over; describing the of radio. After the war, large businesses scene as an observer saw radio's potential profitability and Dialogue - conversations among formed radio networks. characters THE GOLDEN AGE OF RADIO: It occurred between 1930 and the mid-1950s. Radio  Direct address - news reports, public SILENCE speech It is a critical element that provides B. OUTER ORIENTATION contrast to sound, enhancing its impact by creating space for anticipation, tension, and reflection, thereby NATURAL SOUND deepening the overall auditory experience. Refers to the noise in your surroundings MUSICAL SCORE AMBIENCE SOUNDS Created specifically for the film May be artificial Example: Music heard in spas SOUND TRACK SOUND EFFECTS Already made long before the film Film buys rights to music Canned Digital FOLEY Live creating sound from improvised material NOISE LEITMOTIF Unwanted or undesirable sounds that can be creatively utilized to A short musical phrase or specific enhance auditory experiences may sound effect that signals the also pose disturbances. appearance of a person, action, or situation DEAD AIR EXTERNAL CONDITION Refers to an unintended period of silence or lack of audio during a broadcast or The sound indicates whether recording, which can disrupt the flow something is big or small, smooth or and professionalism of the audio rough, high or low presentation.  The combination, balance, and control of multiple sound elements C. INNER ORIENTATION PACING BROAD DEFINITION The time control, editing, and order of events: linear, non-linear, or multi-linear Function of a sound in understanding the mood, feeling, or state of mind of DURATION a character or scene how long a sound (or silence) lasts 03 AUDIO CLASSIFICATION TEMPO DIEGETIC OR LIVE The speed of the beat. Occurring within the context of the story Music is part of the action TIMBRE Refers to sounds that exist within the world of the story Or “tone color” is used to evoke EXAMPLE: Sounds that the camera picks certain effects on the sound (i.e., the up upper register of a clarinet produces brilliant and piercing tones, while the NON-DIEGETIC lower register gives a rich and dark timbre.) Is not part of the action but added during post-production TONE Refers to sounds that come from outside the world of the story EXAMPLE: BGM of the movie Refers to the distinctive quality or character of a sound, which influences the emotional 04 PRINCIPLES OF SOUND DESIGN atmosphere of a scene or piece MIXING PITCH Highness or lowness of sound  volume), and they overlap on the way RHYTHM ○ Fade to Black: V-Fade with some silence between best or pattern of sound and silences elements ○ Waterfall: As the first element DYNAMICS fades out, the second element begins at full volume. Better relative loudness (or quietness) of for voice transitions, than for music effects MELODY 05 AUDIO CONVENTIONS Refer to the established norms and linear/horizontal presentation of the techniques for using sound elements in pitch various media forms, such as film, television, and digital media. HARMONY These conventions include the use of background music to set the tone, the verticalization of the pitch appropriate synchronization of dialogue with on-screen actions, and the strategic placement of sound effects to TRANSITION enhance storytelling and immerse the audience in the narrative. The audio effects to ensure smooth flow; describes how you get from one 5.1 TYPES OF AUDIO CONVENTION segment or element to another. of the beat. PODCAST STRUCTURE TYPES OF TRANSITION: - opening spiel ○ Segue: one element stops, the - episode duration, next begins ("cut" in film); no - outro/cliffhanger interruption in between MUSIC GENRE - pop music is characterized by catchy ○ Cross-fade: one element melodies, relatable lyrics, and repetitive fades out (decrease volume), hooks the next fades in (increase in SONGS - intro  - verse - pre chorus DEEP FAKES AND VOICE CLONING - chorus - bridge - outro refer to artificial intelligence technologies that synthetically reproduce or alter human speech to 06 ISSUES ON AUDIO DIMENSION create convincing audio that mimics the voice of a specific individual, often used COPYRIGHT ISSUES/INFRINGEMENT for various applications, including entertainment and malicious in music occurs when someone uses, impersonation. reproduces, distributes, or performs a copyrighted musical work without AC-DC (Attack & Collect - Defend & permission from the original owner Collect) can involve the unauthorized use of melodies, lyrics, recordings or any other This is a kind of journalism where the elements that are prohibited that are reporter attacks a person in order to protected by copyright law collect money from that person’s rival or EXAMPLE: creation of websites that allow enemy. The same journalist then users to download music for free without defends the person originally attacked, any permission also for a fee. AUDIO SURVEILLANCE ATM JOURNALISM eavesdropping or wiretapping a practice in which reporters receive discreet and regular payoffs through AUDIO MANIPULATION their ATM accounts. News sources simply deposit cash into these accounts the rise of technology for audio instead of handing the money over to manipulation, such as deep fakes and journalists through envelopes. voice cloning, raises concerns about the authenticity of audio content and its PERSECUTION OF RADIO JOURNALISTS potential for misinformation and deception self-explanatory EXAMPLE: ill intention of voice cloning of a famous singer  Photography became a part of public 07 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN life in the mid-19th century, especially AUDIO DIMENSION during the Civil War, when photographers documented American VOCALOIDS battlefields for the first time. Experimenting with ways to exhibit is a singing voice synthesis technology photographs, several inventors came up that allows users to create with a simple toy that made it possible computer-generated singing by for a series of pictures to be viewed in inputting lyrics and melodies. It uses a rapid succession, creating the illusion of collection of virtual singing voices, each motion. It was called a zoetrope. with its own distinctive characteristics, and users can compose songs with 1891 these virtual singers. This AI-generated software has gained popularity in music The Edison Company successfully production, especially in genres like demonstrated a prototype of the J-Pop and electronic music. Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures. VOICE ACTIVATED DEVICES 1895 The integration of voice technology with audio content was growing. The first to present projected moving Voice-activated devices have created pictures to a paying audience were the new opportunities for consuming audio Lumière content, and this trend is likely to brothers in December 1895 in Paris, continue. France. They used a device of their own making, the Cinématographe, which was AUDIO VISUAL INFORMATION a camera, a projector and a film printer all in one. 01 EVOLUTION OF AUDIO-VISUAL 1906 MEDIA Color was first added to MID-19TH CENTURY black-and-white movies through hand coloring, tinting, toning and stenciling. 1914 By the early 1930s, nearly all By 1914, several national film industries feature-length movies were presented were established. Films became longer, with synchronized sound and, by the and storytelling, or narrative, became mid-1930s, some were in full color too. the dominant form. As more people paid to see movies, the industry which grew around them was prepared to invest 1950s more money in their production, distribution, and exhibition, so large The first electrical, color television studios were established and dedicated system was created by RCA cinemas built. The first 30 years of Laboratories' research team between cinema were characterized by the 1946 and 1950. On December 17, 1953, a growth and consolidation of an industrial successful color television system based base, the establishment of the narrative on a system created by RCA started form, and refinement of technology was airing in commercials. first added to black-and-white movies through hand coloring, tinting, toning, 2000s and stenciling. Using digital technology, digital 1927 television is a system for transmitting and receiving television signals. Via The first attempts to add synchronized terrestrial, satellite, or cable networks, sound to projected pictures used digital TV can transmit audio, video, and phonograph cylinders or discs. The first data to residences and establishments. feature-length movie incorporating By the late 2000s, digital television has synchronized dialogue, The Jazz Singer been the norm in the majority of (USA, 1927), used the Warner Brothers’ developed nations. In various nations Vitaphone system, which employed a around the world, the transition from separate record disc with each reel of analog to digital broadcasting will be film for the sound. complete by 2010. Electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco on Sept. 2010s 7, 1927. Smart TVs are a type of television set 1930s-1940 with integrated Internet and interactive  Web 2.0 features, such as apps, Experimental: Film does not conform to streaming media, and Web browsing. mainstream Smart TVs allow users to stream content from the Internet and to use social ACCORDING TO ORIGIN networking services Original: Finished film with a unique plot 02 PRODUCTION PROCESS Adaptation: From a book Remake: Has been made before; a pre-existing movie with a fresher take PRE-PRODUCTIONS Prequel: Is a backstory Sequel Includes brainstorming, scriptwriting, storyboard-making, casting, scouting for ACCORDING TO BASIS location, and scheduling The most tedious Fiction or Non-fiction PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO SOUND Is also known as the principal Talkies photography phase. Silent: All sound effects and has no dialogues POST-PRODUCTION ACCORDING TO COLOR includes the editing, reviewing, and rendering (saving the film in its final Colored, Black and white format) ACCORDING TO RATING 03 TYPES OF FILMS Rated or Non-rated ACCORDING TO FILM FORMAT ACCORDING TO QUALITY Narrative: Type of film with an original plot A film: Made by known companies; Animation: Oldest film format creates a high expectation Documentary: Exposes social issues  B or Z Film: From an independent refers to how the camera is operated, production positioned, and moved for specific effects. Aspects of camerawork include ACCORDING TO LENGTH positioning, movement, framing, exposure, and lens choice. Short film Full-length film EDITING ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE Editing is the process of choosing, manipulating, and arranging images Domestic and sound in a media product. Editing is Foreign: Either dubbed or subbed done for four different reasons: graphic edits, rhythmic edits, special edits, and temporal edits 04 AUDIO AND VISUAL CODES AUDIO TECHNICAL CODES - involve filming techniques and methods Audio is the expressive or naturalistic use such as shot types, angle, movement, of sound in audio-visual media products and editing, most of which are specified in the film language section above. The LIGHTING choice of what technical codes to use when filming is critical in the production Lighting is the manipulation of natural or of meaning. The decision about what artificial light to selectively highlight shot, angle, movement, lighting, etc. may specific elements of the scene. Elements be very important in the construction of of lighting include quality, direction, the film/documentary’s meaning source, color WRITTEN CODES - formal written language used in media 05 DIFFERENT CAMERA SHOTS outputs - includes printed language and spoken EXTREME LONG SHOT language Sets the scene, establishes the shot, CAMERAWORK usually exterior, little detail. LONG SHOT its name from Sergio Leone’s Italian-Western films that popularized it. Shows the subject from top to bottom; for a person, this would be head to toe, 06 DIFFERENT CAMERA ANGLES though not necessarily filling the frame. The character becomes more of a focus than an Extreme Long Shot, but the shot LOW tends to still be dominated by the scenery. This shot often sets the scene Shoots up, shows power/size and our character’s place in it. HIGH MEDIUM LONG SHOT Shoots down, shows Shows subject from the knees up. powerlessness/vulnerability MEDIUM SHOT WORM’S Shows subject from waist up, little Pet character background BIRD’S EYE MEDIUM CLOSE UP Landscape; exhibits a scene Falls between a Medium Shot and a Close-Up, generally framing the subject DUTCH TILT from chest or shoulder up. CLOSE UP Comic effect, psychological unrest Fills the screen with part of the subject, 07 DIFFERENT CAMERA MOVEMENT such as a person’s head/face. Framed tightly, the emotions and reactions of a character dominate the scene. PAN EXTREME CLOSE UP side-to-side Emphasizes a small area or detail of the TILT subject, such as the eye(s) or mouth. An Extreme Close Up of just the eyes is Up and down sometimes called an Italian Shot, getting  09 AUDIO AND VISUAL CONVENTIONS TRACKING Following the subject FORM CONVENTIONS DOLLY ways in which audiences expect codes to be arranged. Towards or away ○ Film: Title at the beginning, credits at the end. ○ Video games: Tutorials at the 08 SYMBOLIC CODES beginning SETTING STORY/NARRATIVE CONVENTIONS The time and place where a narrative or Are common structures and story takes place up, shows power/size understandings in storytelling, such as: ○ Structure: Exposition, inciting MISE EN SCENE incident, conflict, rising action, climax, denouement, resolution used to describe all elements in a frame, and ending including their arrangement. ○ Point of View: Includes set design, costume, props, First person staging, and rules of composition. second person ACTING omniscient ○ Types of Conflict: portrayal of a character through Man vs. Man gestures, facial expressions, body language, movement, and vocal Man vs. Machine qualities Man vs. Nature Man vs. Society COLOR Man vs. Supernatural Man vs. Self cultural in nature, with connotations and underlying messages. In studying media GENRE CONVENTIONS texts, take note of dominant colors, themes, contrasts, and symbolisms of colors used. Common use of tropes, characters, settings, or themes  Horror Genre: common settings television are less likely to be shown in are abandoned or isolated the home, and male characters are locations, color is predominantly generally characterized by dominance, dark, or use of silence and creepy aggression, action, physical strength, sound effects and ambition. Romance Genre ○ boy meets girl story STEREOTYPES ○ popular urban city locations, pop music As seen in the appearance, the manner soundtrack, voice overs, or of talking, and with interaction with light-colored themes and others. Example: Minorities are often scenes either absent or presented as heavily stereotyped, two-dimensional 10 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN characters. Rarely are minorities AUDIO VISUAL DIMENSION depicted as complex characters with the full range of human emotions, Rise of short-form content motivations, and behaviors. Meanwhile, CGI-heavy films and television shows the stereotyping of women, gays and Use and improvement of virtual reality lesbians, and individuals with disabilities AI-generated personas on TV and film in mass media has also been a source of concern. 11 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN PIRACY AUDIO VISUAL DIMENSION R.A. 9239, or the Anti-Piracy or MALE GAZE Videogram Regulatory Board (Optical Media Board), is assigned to regulate the Women are still often represented as production of optical media in all its subordinate to their male forms and impose stiffer fines and counterparts—emotional, penalties for its illegal reproduction noncompetitive, domestic, and sweet natured. In contrast to these types, other THE HOLLYWOOD STANDARD women are represented as unattractively masculine, crazy, or cruel. Star quality actors and actresses In TV dramas and sitcoms, women continue to fill traditional roles such as MAINSTREAM VS INDIE FILM mothers, nurses, secretaries, and housewives. By contrast, men in film and  Mainstream films typically adhere to ANTI-CAMCORDING LAW ACT OF 2010 structured industry standards and practices governed by major studios, Section 3. Acts Constituting Unauthorized focusing on maximizing profitability and Possession, Use, and/or Control of audience appeal. Audiovisual Recording Devices. - It shall Indie films often operate outside these be unlawful for any person, at a time frameworks, allowing for greater creative when copyright subsists in a freedom but facing unique legal and cinematographic film or other ethical challenges linked to resource audiovisual work or its soundtrack and limitations and independent production without the authorization of the practices. copyright owner or exclusive licensee thereof, to: CARDBOARD CHARACTERIZATION ○ (a) use or attempt to use an audiovisual recording device to It is an unnatural or unreal character transmit or make a copy of any that is more like a piece of cardboard performance in an exhibition than a real person. facility of such cinematographic Character has no complexities or film or other audiovisual work or development its soundtrack, or any part thereof; COOKIE-CUTTER STORYTELLING ○ (b) have in his/her possession, an audiovisual recording device in an exhibition facility, with the One that lacks originality because it is intent of using or attempts to use like every other story on that topic. the audiovisual recording device to transmit or make a copy of any ANTI-CAMCORDING LAW performance in the exhibition facility of such cinematographic People who illegally take clips of movies film or other audiovisual work or in cinemas are in violation of RA 10088 or its soundtrack, or any part the “Anti-Camcording Act of 2010”. thereof; or According to the law, violators may be ○ (c) aid, abet or connive in the penalized with a fee of ₱50,000 to commission of the acts ₱750,000 or may face imprisonment prohibited under this section. ranging from six months and one day to six years and a day. MEDIA REGULATORY AGENCIES  adult material but may be permissible for children to watch under the guidance 01 MTRCB and supervision of a parent or an adult. Movie and Television Review and “SPG” or STRONG PARENTAL GUIDANCE Classification Board (RED) – May contain a more serious The MTRCB is a quasi-judicial topic and theme. May not be advisable government agency under the Office of for children to watch thus requiring the President, which is responsible for the greater parental responsibility. review and classification of television programs, movies and publicity materials. 02 OPTICAL MEDIA BOARD A. MOVIE COLOR CODING The Optical Media Board (OMB) Green for “G” regulates the mastering, manufacturing, ○ no need for importation and exportation of optical age-verification media products and manufacturing Blue for “PG” materials as part of ensuring the ○ patron below 13 years old protection and promotion of intellectual should be accompanied property rights. by a responsible adult Yellow for “R-13” ○ no patron below 13 years THREATS old Orange for “R-16” ○ no patron below16 years MALINFORMATION old Red for “R-18” genuine information that may cause ○ no patron below 18 years harm old. DISINFORMATION B. TELEVISION CONTENT COLOR CODING “G” or GENERAL AUDIENCE (GREEN)– false information that aims harmful Suitable for all ages. Does not contain cause anything unsuitable for children, and safe to be viewed without adult MISINFORMATION guidance or supervision. “PG” or PARENTAL GUIDANCE (BLUE)– false information but does not aim to Parental Guidance may contain some cause harm  https://www.idrnd.ai/what-is-voice-clon CHECKOV’S GUN FALLACY ing/ every element introduced in a story should be necessary to the plot. Schiller, C. (2022, April 25). It Depends – EXAMPLE: The Seagull (1896) the The Underbelly of the Business of character Konstantin carries a gun onstage early in the play. The same gun Hollywood – Pt. 1. Script Magazine. goes off in the final act, becoming a key element to the plot. https://scriptmag.com/legally-speaking -it-depends-christopher-schiller/it-dep REFERENCES: ends-the-underbelly-of-the-business-o What is Noise? (n.d.). Institute of Noise f-hollywood-part-1 Control Engineering. Amina. (2023, March 23). Navigating https://www.inceusa.org/about-ince-us Legal and Ethical Issues in Video a/what-is-noise/ Production. KROCK.IO. What is Dead air? - Voiceovers.com. https://krock.io/blog/made-in-krock/na (2024). Voiceovers.com. vigating-legal-and-ethical-issues-in-vi https://www.voiceovers.com/glossary/d deo-production/ ead-air MTRCB. (n.d.) Silence - Learn about the role of Silence https://midas.mtrcb.gov.ph/dmis/AppFo in sound. (2024, June 11). Sonic Minds. rm/infopage#:~:text=Because%20of%20t https://sonicminds.dk/dictionary/silence heir%20unrestricted%20accessibility,%E2 / %80%9CSPG%E2%80%9D%2C%20for%20te Martin, K. (2020, March 9). What is Voice levision Cloning? ID R&D. OMB. (n.d.) http://omb.gov.ph  Eldridge, S. (2022, October 4). Chekhov’s Gun | Definition, uses, & Examples. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chek hovs-gun ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌ ‌