التركيب الحيوي 2023.pdf

‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﱰﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪2‬‬ ‫وﺗﻚ‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1‬ج م ع‬ ‫ا ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ :1‬إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﳌﺎدة وﲢﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﳊﻖ ﺑﻦ ﲪﻮدة‪ -‬ﺳﲑات‬ ‫ﻧﻮع اﳊﺼﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮي‬...

‫اﳌﺬﻛﺮة اﻟﱰﺑﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪2‬‬ ‫وﺗﻚ‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﳌﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1‬ج م ع‬ ‫ا ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ :1‬إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﳌﺎدة وﲢﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﳊﻖ ﺑﻦ ﲪﻮدة‪ -‬ﺳﲑات‬ ‫ﻧﻮع اﳊﺼﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮي‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :1‬إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﳌﺎدة وﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺪرﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ‪ :‬ﻋﺪة ﺑﻦ ﻋﻄﻴﺔ ﺻﻼح اﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﳊﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﻲ‪ 4 :‬ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﳊﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻨﺔ اﻟﺪراﺳﻴﺔ‪2023 -2022 :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬إﻗﱰاح ﺣﻠﻮل ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ُﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻧﻈﺎم زراﻋﻲ ﻹﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﳌﺎدة ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻴﻮي‪.‬‬ ‫اﳍﺪف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت واﳊﻴﻮان‪.‬‬ ‫اﳌﻌﺎرف اﳌﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﻫﺎ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ إﱃ إﻣﺪاد ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻐﺬ ت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﺧﺮات‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﳌﻮرق ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﳌﺮﻛﺐ )اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ( ﰲ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ وﺗﺘﻄﻮر إ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻧﺴﻴﺞ وﻋﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﺗُﺴﻤﻰ ﻷ ﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪرا ﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺧﻼ ﻣﺮاﻓﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳍﻀﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺬي ﻳُﻮزﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻐﺬ ت ﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎع ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻳﺪة( ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻷﻫﺪاف اﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﲡﻨﻴﺪ اﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪-‬ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ اﳌﻌﺎرف‪-‬إﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎء اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‪-‬اﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ واﻟﻠﻐﻮي اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪-‬اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻲ‪-‬إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﳌﺪرﺳﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﺒﻮرة‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﲑ اﻟﺪرس‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﻄﻼق‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﳋﻼ وﺗﺰاﻳﺪ أﺑﻌﺎدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ إذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ اﳋﻼ‬ ‫اﳉﺪﻳﺪة وﺗﺰاﻳﺪ أﺑﻌﺎدﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي )اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي( ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ اﳊﻲ؟‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨُﺒﻴﺘﺔ )أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش(‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ :1‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﻫﻮ اﳌﺪﺧﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﻫﻮ اﳌﺎء واﻷﻣﻼح اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﱰﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨُﺒﻴﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﲰﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ وزن ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻮﻟﻴﺎء أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش ﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(1‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑَـ ﱠﲔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ا ﻬﺮي ﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﺬور اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش إﺣﺘﻮاء ﻫﺬﻩ اﳋﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت ﺗﺘﻠﻮن ﻷزرق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ اﻟﺪاﻛﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎء اﻟﻴﻮد‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب(‬ ‫ﻬﺮ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ُﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺪو‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(1‬‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ّ (1‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ُﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﺎن ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(1‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺗﻐﲑات اﻟﻮزن ﺑـ)غ( ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻮﻟﻴﺎء أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑـ)اﻷ م(‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺺ اﻟﻮزن اﳉﺎف ﻟﻠﺒﺬور ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ إﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺧﺮات اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﻔﻠﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﰲ ﳕﻮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺪﺧﺮات‪.‬‬ ‫ﻬﺮ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻨﺸﺎء ﻗﺒﻞ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ اﻹﻧﺘﺎش‪ :‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺎء ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ وﻛﺒﲑة اﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ إﺣﺘﻮاﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﺎء اﳌﺪﺧﺮة ﻛﻮن اﻟﺒﺬرة ﰲ ﻓﱰة اﳊﻴﺎة‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش‪ :‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻨﺸﺎء ﻣﺘﺂﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳊﻮاف وﺻﻐﲑة اﳊﺠﻢ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣﺎﻫﺔ )ﻫﺪم( اﻟﻨﺸﺎء وﲢﻮﻟﻪ إﱃ ﺳﻜﺮ ت ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ )ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش ﺗﺘﻢ إﻣﺎﻫﺔ اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻌﻘﺪة اﳌﺪﺧﺮة ﰲ اﻟﺒﺬور إﱃ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ) ُﻣﻐﺬ ت( ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﻬﻼك ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ﻫﻮ اﳌﺪﺧﺮات‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ ،1‬وﻳُﻠﻐﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪ 2‬ﺣﻴﺚ اﳌﺎء واﻷﻣﻼح اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻟﱰﺑﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ )اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﳌﻮرق(‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻮ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ )اﳌﺮﻛﺐ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم ﺟﺮاء ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(22‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺸﲑ اﳊﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ واﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺸﲑ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ دون ﻗﻄﻊ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ )ﻧﺰع اﻟﻘﺸﺮة واﻟﻠﺤﺎء( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎق‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﻮر ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(2‬‬ ‫ﻬﺮ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﺮاء ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ وﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ُﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰم اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ )اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﰲ ﺳﺎق ﻧﺒﺎت أﺧﻀﺮ ﰒ ﻧﻔﺤﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم أ ً‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(2‬‬  ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(3‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺘﲔ )‪ (2‬و)‪ّ (3‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ُﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﺎن ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(2‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫أن اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ )اﳌﺮﻛﺐ( ﳛﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ) ُﻣﻐﺬ ت( وﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎء وأﻣﻼح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﳕﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺸﲑ اﳊﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮر إﻧﺘﻔﺎخ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺸﲑ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺮاﻛﻢ ﻣﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻌﺪم ﻣﺮورﻫﺎ ﻟﻨﺰع اﻟﻠﺤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﻃﺆ ﳕﻮ اﳉﺬور‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪم وﺻﻮل ﻣﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ إﱃ ا ﻤﻮع اﳉﺬري ﻟﻨﺰع اﻟﻠﺤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﳕﻮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ :(3‬ﲤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﳎﻬﺮﻳﺔ ﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ وﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ُﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰم اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ )اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﰲ ﺳﺎق ﻧﺒﺎت أﺧﻀﺮ إﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫رﺳﻮﻣﺎت ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻧﺴﻴﺞ وﻋﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷ ﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ واﳋﻼ اﳌﺮاﻓﻘﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷ ﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب ﻏﺮ ﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﻏﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ ﻓﻮق ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪرا ﺎ اﳉﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮزﻳﺔ ﲰﻴﻜﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪرا ﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺗُﻌﺮف ﺑـﺎﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﻫﻴﻮﱃ اﳋﻼ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﺘﻮي اﳋﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻮﱃ وﻓﺠﻮة ﻋﺼﺎرﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑة وﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﳝﺔ اﻟﻨﻮاة ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﲑة اﳊﻴﺎة‪.‬‬ ‫اﳋﻼ اﳌﺮاﻓﻘﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮل ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮاﻓﻘﺔ واﺣﺪة أو أﻛﺜﺮ ذات ﺟﺪران ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮزﻳﺔ وﻧﻮاة ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ دورﻫﺎ ﰲ ﲡﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻧﻘﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻴًﺎ )ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺮاﻓﻘﺔ وأﺧﺮى ﻏﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﳝﻠﻚ اﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﺑُﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ داء دورﻩ واﳌﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻷوراق إﱃ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﻛﻮن ﺧﻼ ﻩ ُﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ إﱃ اﻟﺴﺎق‬ ‫ﻓﺎﳉﺬور‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻮ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ُ‬  ‫‪.3‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ﻫﻮ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳍﻀﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (4‬اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺬاء ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )اﳊﻠﻴﺐ( وﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺪم‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺜﻞ رﺳﻢ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻄﺮق ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﳍﻀﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(4‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ّ (4‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ُﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻴﺎن ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان‪:‬‬ ‫إﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪:(4‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺬاء ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )اﳊﻠﻴﺐ( وﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺪم‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫أن اﳊﻠﻴﺐ ﳛﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎء وأﻣﻼح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ( وﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻬﻲ ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎء وأﻣﻼح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ( وﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ )ﻣﻐﺬ ت(‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻌﻘﺪة اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة ﰲ اﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﱵ ﻧﺘﻨﺎوﳍﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺒﺴﻴﻄﻬﺎ إﱃ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ )ﻣﻐﺬ ت(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪ :‬ﻳُﻬﻀﻢ اﻟﻐﺬاء اﻟﺬي ﻧﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻪ )ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪة( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﳉﻬﺎز اﳍﻀﻤﻲ إﱃ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ )ﻣﻐﺬ ت( ﺳﻬﻠﺔ اﻹﻣﺘﺼﺎص واﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻟﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( رﺳﻢ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻄﺮق ﻧﻘﻞ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﳍﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﳌﺎء واﻷﻣﻼح اﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪم واﻟﻠﻤﻒ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺪﻣﻮي واﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز واﻷﲪﺎض اﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺪم‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺪﻣﻮي‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰاﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻷﲪﺎض اﻟﺪﲰﺔ وﻏﻠﻴﺴﲑول ﰲ اﻟﻠﻤﻒ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﱪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوي‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳍﻀﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺪم أو اﻟﻠﻤﻒ اﻟﺬي ﻳُﻮزﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻐﺬ ت ﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎع ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻳﺪة( ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑـﺎﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي )اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ﻫﻮ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳍﻀﻢ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ُ‬  ‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎج اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮﻫﺎ وﺗﻄﻮرﻫﺎ إﱃ إﻣﺪاد ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻐﺬ ت‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺪﺧﺮات‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﳌﻮرق ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﳌﺮﻛﺐ )اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ( ﰲ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت ﺗﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ وﺗﺘﻄﻮر إ ً‬ ‫اﻟﻠﺤﺎء ﻧﺴﻴﺞ وﻋﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﻞ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﺗُﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـﺎﻷ ﺑﻴﺐ اﻟﻐﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ ﺟﺪرا ﺎ اﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﺮ ﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺧﻼ ُﻣﺮاﻓﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ اﳍﻀﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺬي ﻳُﻮزﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺧﻼ اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻐﺬ ت ﻹﺻﻄﻨﺎع ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻳﺪة( ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﱪوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﻮﱘ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬أﳒﺰ رﲰًﺎ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴًﺎ وﻇﻴﻔﻴًﺎ ُﻣﺒﺴﻄًﺎ ﻳُﻮﺿﺢ آﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪوث ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫إﳒﺎز رﺳﻢ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﻲ ُﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻳُﻮﺿﺢ آﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪوث ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎش‪ :‬ﻫﻮ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺒﺬرة ﻣﻦ اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ إﱃ اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺸﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﳌﺮﻛﺐ )اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ(‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﳏﻠﻮل ﻟﺰج ﻏﲏ ﳌﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ وﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎء وأﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ( ﳝﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱰﺑﺔ‪.‬‬  ‫ا ﺎل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻲ ‪ :1‬إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﳌﺎدة وﲢﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻮم‪......................... :‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳﻢ واﻟﻠﻘﺐ‪................................ :‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :1‬إﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﳌﺎدة وﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺼﺪرﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪...............................................‬‬ ‫اﳊﺼﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ‪............................................... :2‬‬ ‫‪..............................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪.........................................:‬‬ ‫‪................................................‬‬ ‫وﺿﻌﻴﺔ اﻹﻧﻄﻼق‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ اﳋﻼ وﺗﺰاﻳﺪ أﺑﻌﺎدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﺬا ﻻ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ إذا ﺗﻮﻓﺮت اﳌﻮاد اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻫﺬﻩ اﳋﻼ‬ ‫اﳉﺪﻳﺪة وﺗﺰاﻳﺪ أﺑﻌﺎدﻫﺎ‪..‬‬ ‫اﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪........................................................................................................................................... :‬‬ ‫‪...........................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻘﺼﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨُﺒﻴﺘﺔ )أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش(‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪..........................................................................................................................................:1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ ‪..........................................................................................................................................:2‬‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨُﺒﻴﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﲰﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ وزن ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬور اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻮﻟﻴﺎء أﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش ﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(1‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺑَـ ﱠﲔ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ا ﻬﺮي ﳋﻼ اﻟﺒﺬور اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ وأﺛﻨﺎء اﻹﻧﺘﺎش إﺣﺘﻮاء ﻫﺬﻩ اﳋﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﺎت ﺗﺘﻠﻮن ﻷزرق اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ اﻟﺪاﻛﻦ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎء اﻟﻴﻮد‪ ،‬اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب(‬ ‫ﻬﺮ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ُﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﻈﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳊﺒﻴﺒﺎت ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﺪو‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(1‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ّ (1‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻴﺘﺔ ُﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ 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‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ )اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﳌﻮرق(‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪............................................................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم ﺟﺮاء ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻎ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(22‬‬ ‫وﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺸﲑ اﳊﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ واﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺸﲑ ﺣﻠﻘﻲ دون ﻗﻄﻊ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ )ﻧﺰع اﻟﻘﺸﺮة واﻟﻠﺤﺎء( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎق‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻬﻮر ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(2‬‬ ‫ﻬﺮ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﺮاء ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ وﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ُﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺰم اﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ )اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﰲ ﺳﺎق ﻧﺒﺎت أﺧﻀﺮ ﰒ ﻧﻔﺤﺼﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻮم ً‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪.(3‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(2‬‬  ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(3‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺘﲔ )‪ (2‬و)‪ّ (3‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ُﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ 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‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‪............................................................................................................................................ :‬‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ واﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ اﳋﻠﻮي ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان‪ ،‬ﺗُﻘﱰح ﻋﻠﻴﻚ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )أ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ (4‬اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻐﺬاء ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )اﳊﻠﻴﺐ( وﺑﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺪم‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )ب( ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺜﻞ رﺳﻢ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻲ ﻟﻄﺮق ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫اﳌﻐﺬ ت اﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﳍﻀﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪(4‬‬  ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻚ ﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎت اﻟﻮﺛﻴﻘﺔ )‪ّ (4‬ﺑﲔ ﻣﺼﺪر اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻨﺪ اﳊﻴﻮان ُﻣﺼﺎدﻗﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ِﺻﺤﺔ اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ 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‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬  ‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ 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‫‪......................................................................................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬أﳒﺰ رﲰًﺎ ﲣﻄﻴﻄﻴًﺎ وﻇﻴﻔﻴًﺎ ُﻣﺒﺴﻄًﺎ ﻳُﻮﺿﺢ آﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺪوث ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﳊﻴﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺘﺎش‪ :‬ﻫﻮ إﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﺒﺬرة ﻣﻦ اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﻄﻴﺌﺔ إﱃ اﳊﻴﺎة اﻟﻨﺸﻴﻄﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺴﻎ اﳌﺮﻛﺐ )اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ(‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﳏﻠﻮل ﻟﺰج ﻏﲏ ﳌﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاد ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﱰﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ وﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎء وأﻣﻼح‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ( ﳝﺘﺼﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﱰﺑﺔ‪.‬‬