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ALIAC 2: PRINCIPLES OF AVIATION MIDTERM M O D UL E 1 ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited WHAT IS AVIATION? -It is the art or...

ALIAC 2: PRINCIPLES OF AVIATION MIDTERM M O D UL E 1 ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited WHAT IS AVIATION? -It is the art or science of making and flying aircraft -Flying, operating, or operation of aircraft -Industry of producing aircraft - It is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, being the design, development, production, operation and use of aircraft, especially heavier than air aircraft. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited The word aviation was coined by French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La Landelle in 1863. From the verb avier (flying), itself derived from the Latin word avis ("bird") and the suffix - ation Gabriel La Landelle ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited HISTORY OF AVIATION PART 1 ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited TOWER JUMPING According to ancient Greek mythology, DAEDALUS WAS THE FIRST TO MASTER THE ART OF FLYING LIKE A BIRD. This was occurred before the trojan war, the roman poet, avid, revived and immortalized the old Greek legend in “THE METAMORPHOSES”. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited This poem describes how DAEDALUS and his son, ICARUS, escaped from an island prison by descending from a high cliff and flying over the heads of their guards. They used bird-like wings covered with feathers and held together by FLAX, TWINE, AND WAX. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited The legend explains how Icarus failed to heed his father’s advice to “wing your course along the middle air”. He flew too high, and the sun melted the wax that held the feathers in place. Icarus plunged to his death in the sea near an island which now bears his name, but Daedalus flew in safely to Sicily, where he lived for many years. Although the story of Daedalus is fiction, IT SYMBOLIZES MEN’S EARLY ATTEMPTS TO CONQUER THE MYSTERY OF FLIGHT. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited  KITES KITES WERE USED APPROXIMATELY 2800 YEARS AGO IN CHINA, WHERE MATERIALS IDEAL FOR KITE BUILDING WERE RAPIDLY AVAILABLE. BY ATLEAST 549 AD PAPER KITES WERE BEING FLOWN. AS IT WAS RECORDED IN THAT YEAR A PAPER KITE WAS USED AS A MESSAGE FOR A RESCUE MISSION. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited Ancient medieval Chinese sources list other uses of kites for measuring distances , testing wind, lifting men, signaling, and communication for military operations. The earliest known Chinese kites were flat (not bowed) and often rectangular. Later, tailless kites incorporated a stabilizing bowline. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited  FREE BALOONS In aeronautics, a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, which remains aloft or floats due to is buoyancy. A balloon may be free, moving with the wind, of tethered to a fixed point. Unmanned hot air balloons are popular in Chinese history, Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Kingdom, in the three kingdoms era (220-280 AD) used airborne lanterns for military signalling. These lanterns are known as kongming lanterns. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited 1485 LEONARDO DA VINCI - THE ORNITHOPTER Leonardo da Vinci made the first real studies of flight in the 1480's. He had over 100 drawings that illustrated his theories on flight. The Ornithopter flying machine was never actually created. It was a design that Leonardo da Vinci created to show how man could fly. The modern day helicopter is based on this concept. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited THE AERIAL SCREW In that same year, Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an “aerial screw”, His noted suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited  In 1670, Francesco Lana de Terzi, sometimes referred to as the “FATHER OF AERONAUTICS”. Published a description of an “aerial ship” supported by four copper spheres from which the air was evacuated. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited MONTGOLFIER BALLOON The Montgolfier brothers (Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier) of France are generally credited with sending the first passengers aloft in a balloon. After several experiments, they developed a paper and linen bag, or envelope, to contain hot air which was heated through an opening at the bottom. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited MONTGOLFIER BALLOON ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited In demonstration for King Louise XVI and Marie Antoinette on September 19, 1783, the Montgolfier attached a cage to their balloon with the first living passengers – a sheep, a rooster, and a duck. The first manned flight was on November 21, 1783, the passengers were Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier and Francois Laurent. The flight reached a height of 500 feet. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited Henry cavendish's 1766 work on hydrogen Joseph black proposed that a balloon filled with hydrogen would be able to rise in the air. On December 1, 1738, professor Jacques Charles and the Robert brothers made the first gas balloon flight in Paris. THEIR HYDROGEN-FILLED BALLOON FLEW TO ALMOST 2,000 FEET (600m), STAYED ALOFT OVER 2 HOURS AND COVERED A DISTANCE OF 27 MILES (43KM) ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited  1799-1850’S GEORGE CAYLEY George Cayley worked to discover a way that man could fly. He designed many different versions of gliders that used the movements of the body to control. A young boy, whose name is not known, was the first to fly one of his gliders. He changed the shape of the wings so that the air would flow over the wings correctly. ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited He designed a tail for the gliders to help with the stability. He tried a biplane design to add strength to the glider. He also recognized that there would be a need for power if the flight was to be in the air for a long time ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited  1891 OTTO LILIENTHAL German engineer, "GLIDER KING," was a pioneer of human aviation. He was the first person to design a glider that could fly a person and was able to fly long distances. Based on his studies of birds and how they fly, he wrote a book on aerodynamics that was published in 1889 and this text was used by the wright brothers as the basis for their designs. After more than 2500 flights, he was killed when he lost control because of a sudden strong wind and crashed into the ground ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited 1891 SAMUEL LANGLEY He built a model of a plane, which he called an aerodrome, that included a steam-powered engine. In 1891, his model flew for 3/4 of a mile before running out of fuel. His major contributions to flight involved attempts at adding a power plant to a glider. He was also well known as the director of the Smithsonian institute in Washington DC ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited  1894 OCTAVE CHANUTE Octave Chanute published progress in flying machines in 1894. It gathered and analyzed all the technical knowledge that he could find about aviation accomplishments. It included all of the world's aviation pioneers. The wright brothers used this book as a basis for much of their experiments. Chanute was also in contact with the wright brothers and often commented on their technical progress ALIAC PROPERTY Unauthorized Reproduction & Dissemination is prohibited