British History (6000 BC - 1066) PDF

**BRITISH HISTORY** **Stone Age n Bronze Age people (6000 BC)** - **Henges** = circles of upright standing stones ---\> religious, political and economic power - Stonehenge (2800 BC) ---\> built over more than 1k years, a mystery, during the 2^nd^ phase stones came from Wales, a sort...

**BRITISH HISTORY** **Stone Age n Bronze Age people (6000 BC)** - **Henges** = circles of upright standing stones ---\> religious, political and economic power - Stonehenge (2800 BC) ---\> built over more than 1k years, a mystery, during the 2^nd^ phase stones came from Wales, a sort of capital **The Celts (800 BC -- 43 AD)** - **Skilled craftsmen** (metalwork) - Lived in clans/tribes - **Druids** = advisors to the king, religious leaders, healers, judges - Worshiped many gods - Houses on a hill (hill forts) - Halloween = a Celtic festival **The Romans (43 -- 410 AD)** - Invaded Britain (cuz it had become an important food producer) - Emperor Claudius - **Cities ---\> bulit roads, baths** (the city of baths) - Latin castra = camp (Manchester, Lancaster) - **122 -- Hadrians Wall** =\> built to defend the North from Celt from Scotland - Brought Christianity and skills (reading, writing) - The left cuz they **had to defend Rome** - Britain = from Roman word "Britannia" **The Anglo-Saxons (5^th^ century)** - 3 Germanic tribes (**from GER, DEN, the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes**) - **Pagans**, not Christians - 6^th^ century ---\> **St. Augustine** sent to bring them **Christianity** - **1^st^ Archbishop of Canterburry, founder of the English Church** **The Vikings (end of 8th century)** - Strted raiding from **Norway, Denmark and Sweden**, later settled in Britain **9^th^ -- 10^th^ century** - **Alfred the Great** (=Anglo-Saxon king) - signed a **treaty with the Vikings** ---\> part called **Danelaw** would be theirs - Gathered intelligent and learned people at his court ---\> made them write books - Most known = **the Anglosaxon Chronicle** (=history of the AS in GB) **11^th^ century** - **Danish kings on the English throne** ---\> most known = **Cnut** (for 26 years) - **Edward the Confessor** (1042 -- 1066) ---\> **built Westminster Abbey** (=crowning place till this day), died childless **1066 ---\> 3 candidates for the throne** - **William, Duke of Normandy** = Edwards cousin, promised him the throne - *The Witan* = the AS kings council appointed **Harold Godwinson** as king of England - **Harald Hardrada** = king of Norway, claimed he had a right to the throne - This led to 2 battles - A battle in the N-W of Eng (near York) ---\> Harold H. X **Harold G (he won)** - **The Battle of Hastings** ---\> Harold G. X William, Harold defeated and killed in battle = **Will won** **William I./William the Conqueror (12^th^ century)** - New social system ---\> **feudalism** =\> king owned all the land and gave it to his vassals in return for serving - His culture and language ---\> the nobility spoke **Old French,** ordinary people spoke **Old English** (overtime a mix formed = **Middle English (**cca1100) - **The Domesday Book** ---\> had all the wealth of the country written in it =\> economic control (taxing properly, how many men. - Gave an order to built **the Tower of London** **Second half of the 12^th^ century** - **Henry II became king** - **Britain was the largest empire until the 18^th^ century** - Caused the death of Archbishop of Canterbury **Thomas Becket** - Murdered in **Canterbury Cathedral** - Henri though he would help him bring the Church under his control, but Becket resisted - Thomas became a saint **End of the 12^th^ century** - Henrys son **Richard I, the Lion-heart, became king** - **Bravest** king in history - Used the wealth of Eng to finance **crusades** (he died on one of them) **Beginning of the 13^th^ century** - His brother = **John I., Lackland** (=Bezzemek) succeded him - **Not a good king** ---\> bad w money and people, lost most of the land Richard gained in France, raised taxes, - **angered his barons =\> they forced him to sign the Magna Charta (1215)** - a document which limited the kings powers (např. nobody could be punished w/o a trail) - later *the Universal Declaration of Human Rights* was based on it **13^th^ century** - king = **Edward I., Long-shanks** - **established Parliament** - **conquered Wales** (tried the same w Scotland but failed) **The 100 Years War** - **France X England** - Started over trade (wool, fabric, Flanders) - Important battles =\> Poitiers, Crécy, Agincourt - Eng was winning at first (Welsh longbow) - Ultimately **France won** because of **Joan of Arc** - A young peasant girl, claimed to hear heavenly voices = captured and burned as a with (by the Eng) - Engl lost everything (apart from the port of Calais) **14^th^ century** - **The Black Death = the plaque** - Spread by fleas in rat\'s furs **The Wars of the Roses (1455 -- 1487)** - **Series of battles between 2 rival branches of the royal family** - **Yorks** ---\> supported the Duke of York X **Lancasters** ---\> supported the King Henry VI. - **Ultimate winner =\> Henry Tudor** (=Henry VII., founder of the **Tudor dynasty**) - Fought w the Lancasters againts the Yorks **Henry VIII. (1509 -- 1547)** - Had 6 wives (beheaded 2 of them) - Cruel, ambitious, wasteful w money - 1^st^ wife only gave him a daughter (Mary Tudor) ---\> he wanted a divorce, Pope said no - **He founded a new Church =\> the Church of England** - Then married Ann Boleyn ---\> she gave him Elizabeth I. but was executed (for adultery allegedly) - Jane Seymour gave him a son Edward but died 14 days later - He needed money ---\> **ordered the Dissolution of Monasteries** - They were closed down and their money and land taken by Henry **Edward VI. (1547 -- 1553)** - **Made the Anglican Church Protestant** - Catholic paints etc. were taken away **Mary Tudor (1553 -- 1558)** - **Nickname: Bloody Mary** - **Catholic** (mom = Cathrine of Aragon) - Reestablished the Catholic faint in the country - **Prosecuted non-Catholics** and burned them at stake (300) **Elizabeth I. (1558 -- 1603)** - **During her reign Engl flourished** ---\> she supported trade - **overseas explorations** (Sir Francis **Drake**, Sir Walter **Ralleigh**) - gold and silver from America but no established permanent colony - **Brought back the Protestant faith but didn't prosecute Catholics** - **1558 -- the defeat of the Soain Armada** (king Philip II. of Spain) - William Shakespeare played in her court **Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (16^th^ century)** - A Scottish queen - **A strong Catholic,** Elisabeths cousin - Elisabeth saw her as a threat and **imprisoned her** - She got proof Mary was a part of a plot against **Elisabeth =\> executed her** - Her son was the next king =\> James I.