AI Introduction PDF

Artificial Intelligence Dr mosa elkhedr  Artificial Intelligence A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence (AI) pursues creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.  intelligence Example. Consider a mouse is trying to sear...

Artificial Intelligence Dr mosa elkhedr  Artificial Intelligence A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence (AI) pursues creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.  intelligence Example. Consider a mouse is trying to search a maze in order to find its way from the bottom left to the piece of cheese in the top right corner of the image. This problem can be considered as a common real life problem which we deal with many times in our life, i.e. finding a path, may be to a university, to a friends house, to a market, or in this case to the piece of cheese. The mouse tries various paths as shown by arrows and can reach the cheese by more than one path. In other words the mouse can find more than one solutions to this problem. The mouse was intelligent enough to find a solution to the problem at hand. Hence the ability of problem solving demonstrates intelligence.  Intelligence Example. timetable and go to the respective classes to attend them. Hence the ability to think, plan and schedule demonstrate intelligence. Consider a doctor, he checks many patients daily, diagnoses their disease, gives them medicine Hence, telling us that memory, correct, efficient memory and information manipulation also counts towards ones intelligence. Let us just consider 5 different people and ask a sixth one to have a look at different images of their fingerprints. Hence the ability to learn and recognize demonstrates intelligence  Intelligent machines, or What machines can do? Someone’s intelligence is their ability to understand and learn things. Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead of doing things by instinct(‫ )بالفطره‬or automatically(‫)تلقائيا‬. according to the first definition, intelligence is the quality possessed by humans. But the second definition suggests a completely different approach and gives some flexibility Thinking is the activity of using your brain to consider a problem or to create an idea. o  Intelligence in order to think, someone or something has to have a brain, or in other words, an organ that enables someone or something to learn and understand things, to solve problems and to make decisions intelligence as ‘the ability to learn and understand, to solve problems and to make decisions’  Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as “the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior” (i.e.,human intelligence). The data structures utilized in knowledge representation, the algorithms required to apply that knowledge, and the programming languages and methods employed in their execution are all part of these concepts. Artificial intelligence: the study of computations that make it possible to perceive/reason/infer and act to solve certain problem”  Challenges of AI Knowledge representation and search are two of the most fundamental challenges of AI researchers. Knowledge representation tackles the issue of encoding the entire spectrum of knowledge necessary for intelligent behavior in a language acceptable for computer manipulation. Predicate calculus is a language for articulating the features and interactions among objects in problem domains that need qualitative reasoning rather than quantitative or numerical computations to solve.  Search is a problem-solving approach that investigates a space of issue states systematically, i.e., sequential and alternate stages in the problem-solving process. Problem states may be anything from distinct board configurations in a game to intermediate phases in a reasoning process.  AI particular tasks AI research is a highly technical and specialized field. AI’s primary issues involve programming computers to do particular tasks 1- Knowledge extraction and representation 2-Problem solving: perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation. It also includes decision making 3-Perception: is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information. 4-Learning: enhances the awareness of the subjects of the study. 5-Reasoning based set of facts Reasoning types‫االستدالل‬ AI definitions  To make computers think like humans we first need to devise ways to determine that how humans think. This is not that easy. For this we need to get inside the actual functioning of the human brain. There are two ways to do this: Introspection ‫ االستبطان‬: that is trying to catch out own thoughts as they go by. Psychological Experiments ‫ التجارب النفسيه‬: that concern with the study of science of mental life.  Programming with and without AI The engineering goal of AI is to solve real-world problems. The scientific goal of AI is to explain various sorts of intelligence. Three questions may guide our study of AI: 1. What is knowledge? 2. (How) can it be represented? 3. (How) can it be manipulated? comparison between the programming without and with AI.  In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties, e.g., sensory data in the field of Internet of things (IoT), (a) big data, unstructured data (i.e., not well-organized or well-formatted), and dynamic (i.e.,changing constantly). AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that should be 1. Perceivable by the people who provide it. 2. Easily modifiable to correct errors. 3. Useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.  AI Applications 1-Medicine Diagnostics, Drug Development,Treatment Personalization,Gene Editing: 2-Education : humanoid robots serving the role of teachers. Personalized Learning. Smart Content. Voice assistants are in (Intelligent tutoring). Aiding educators in administrative tasks. Breaking barriers (Universal access to education). Differentiated and individualized learning.  AI Applications Autonomous Car. Gaming chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, Natural Language Processing Expert Systems: There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users  AI Applications Vision Systems: these systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.. Speech Recognition Translation Engines Handwriting Recognition: Intelligent Robots  History of AI By 1950:Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published Computing Machinery and Intelligence until By 2000-: Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions