Artificial Intelligence Introduction PDF

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE -INTRODUCTION- INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION ❑Since the invention of computers, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. These devices have grown to a point that we cannot imagine living our lives without one ❑Humans have developed the...

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE -INTRODUCTION- INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION ❑Since the invention of computers, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. These devices have grown to a point that we cannot imagine living our lives without one ❑Humans have developed the power of computing systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed and reducing size with respect to time. With this comes further innovations like recognition features that includes speech and voice, recommendation features and so on. INTRODUCTION ❑Have you ever considered the fact that your own device is learning from you? Is it even possible that our devices are as intelligent as a human? ❑A branch of Computer Science thinks so, and it is called Artificial Intelligence. WHAT IS A.I.? ❑According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. ❑Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer- controlled robot, or a software think intelligent, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. WHAT IS A.I.? ❑AI is accomplished by studying how a human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis for developing intelligent software and systems. ❑A typical AI analyzes its environment and takes actions that maximizes its chances of success. An AI’s intended utility goal can be simple or complex WHAT IS A.I.? ❑The goals of AI are simple: ❑To create Expert Systems ❑To implement human intelligence in machines ❑AI is a science and technology based in disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving. A.I. TECHNIQUE Programming without an AI is different compared to programming with AI. Programming without AI Programming with AI A computer program without an AI can A computer program with AI can answer the answer specific questions it is meant to solve generic questions it is meant to solve AI programs can absorb new modifications by putting highly independent places of Modification in the program leads to change information together. Hence, you can modify in its structure. even a minute piece of information without affecting its structure Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead Quick and easy program modification to affecting the program adversely. A.I. TECHNIQUE ❑ In the real world, knowledge has some unwelcomed properties. The volume is huge, almost next to impossible, it is not well organized or well-formatted, and it keeps changing constantly. This is why we use the AI Technique. ❑ AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that: ❑ it should be perceivable by the people who provided it ❑ it should be easily modifiable to correct errors ❑ it should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate APPLICATIONS OF A.I. ❑ The term AI has been heard or known by many even though they haven’t studied nor used it before. This is due to the fact that AI has been dominant in various fields. Some examples are as follows. ❑ Gaming – AI plays a crucial role on different games such as chess, poker, or even online multiplayer games. The machine can think a large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge to even the playing field against real players. ❑ Natural Language Processing – It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans. ❑ Expert Systems – there are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users APPLICATIONS OF A.I. ❑ Vision Systems – these systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. Examples are a spy drone that takes photographs which are used to figure out spatial information or to map the areas, the software used by police to recognize the face of the criminal with a stored portrait made by forensic artists, and the face recognition on our mobile devices. ❑ Speech Recognition – some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a person talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, and others. APPLICATIONS OF A.I. ❑ Handwriting Recognition – the handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text ❑ Intelligent Robots – robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to a new environment. INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ❑ While studying AI, you need to know what we mean by “intelligence”. It is true that an AI can be made to behave like humans do, but what are the limits of its knowledge and behavior? ❑ Intelligence is the ability of a system to: ❑ calculate ❑ reason ❑ perceive relationships/analogies ❑ learn from experience ❑ store and retrieve information from memory ❑ solve problems ❑ comprehend complex ideas ❑ use natural language fluently ❑ classify ❑ generalize and adapt to new situations. INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ❑ As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, intelligence comes in a multifold. These are as follows: ❑ Linguistic Intelligence – the ability to speak, recognize, and use mechanisms of phonology (speech sounds), syntax (grammar), and semantics (meaning). Some examples are narrators and orators. ❑ Musical Intelligence – the ability to create, communicate with, understand meanings made of sound, and understand the pitch and rhythm. Examples are musicians, singers, and composers. ❑ Logical-Mathematical Intelligence – the ability to use and understand relationships in the absence of actions or objects, understanding complex and abstract ideas. INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ❑ Spatial Intelligence – the ability to perceive visual or spatial information, change it, and re-create visual images without any reference to the objects, construct 3D images, and to move and rotate them. Examples are map readers, astronauts and physicists. ❑ Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence – the ability to use complete or part of the body to solve problems or fashion products, control over fine and coarse motor skills, and manipulate objects. Examples are players and dancers. ❑ Intra-personal intelligence – the ability to distinguish among one’s own feelings, intentions, and motivations. ❑ Interpersonal Intelligence – the ability to recognize and make distinctions among other people’s feelings, beliefs and intentions. Examples are mass communicators and interviewers. INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS ❑ We can say that a machine or a system is artificially intelligent when its equipped with at least one and at most all intelligences in it. ❑ There are differences between a human and machine intelligence. Human Machine Perceives by patterns Perceives by sets of rules and data Store and recall information by Stores and recalls information by patterns search algorithms Can figure out the complete Cannot comprehend an object object even some of its parts are without proper samples missing or distorted