AGRI 22 Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production PDF

# AGRI 22 Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production ## Supplemental Information ### Dairy Farm Requirements 1. **Location** - Selecting a location in putting up a dairy farm is crucial for a successful business. - It is advisable to establish the farm in a slightly elevated area...

# AGRI 22 Introduction to Livestock and Poultry Production ## Supplemental Information ### Dairy Farm Requirements 1. **Location** - Selecting a location in putting up a dairy farm is crucial for a successful business. - It is advisable to establish the farm in a slightly elevated area for good drainage and cooler temperature. - Facilities should also be built near pasture areas for easy access of the animals to feeds. - As much as possible, grazing areas should have trees to provide shade to the cows especially during summer months. - It is also important to consider the accessibility of the farm for animal, feeds, and equipment transport and proximity of the farm to the dairy processing plant for milk delivery. 2. **Land** - Another factor to consider when establishing a dairy farm is the amount of land available. - It should be enough to comfortably support the roughage needs of the animals all throughout the year. - Land could be a limiting factor in the number of animals that could be taken care of in the farm. - The land available could be used as grazing area or cut-and-carry area. - Aside from land size, soil fertility must also be considered for pasture establishment. 3. **Water** - Water is very important in a dairy farm operation. - There should always be supply of clean, fresh water for drinking as dairy animals consume lots of it especially lactating cows. - Also, good sanitation and hygiene should always be maintained in the farm especially during and after milk collection to prevent milk contamination and possible spread of mastitis in the herd. - Hence, water must be always accessible for cleaning the buildings, milking machine, and animals. 4. **Animals** - The breeds of dairy animals present in the Philippines are usually crossbreeds of temperate and tropical breeds. - Temperate breeds, such as Holstein Friesians and Jerseys, are known for their high milk production compared to tropical breeds. - However, unlike Sahiwal which is a tropical breed, these are not heat tolerant and resistant to parasite and diseases. - Hence, the temperate and tropical breeds were crossed to take advantage of the good traits of both breeds. - Farmers should also consider the predominant breeds in the area and the market to help decide what the correct breed to use is. 5. **Structures** - Dairy animals are usually grazed in pasture areas. - However, since Philippines is a tropical country, constructing housing facilities or shelters for the animals is necessary. - As mentioned earlier, the dairy animals present in the country are usually crosses of a temperate and a tropical breed. - Hence, they are still sensitive to very high temperatures and humidity that occurs especially during the summer months. - Heat stress could negatively affect the production and reproductive performance of the animals. - Houses should be built in an East-West orientation to provide as much shade to the animals during the hot periods of the day. - Another important structure in a dairy farm is the milking parlor wherein the harvesting of milk occurs either manually (by hand) or by the use of milking machines. - A milking parlor should be constructed where milk could be collected in a sanitary and hygienic environment. - Usually, the milk room is beside or near the milking parlor where milk will be stored temporarily until it is brought to the nearest dairy plant for processing. - Other structures to consider are storage rooms for concentrates and farm equipments and silos for storage of roughages, hay, or silage. 6. **Equipments** - Equipments in the dairy farm make work easier for the farm workers. - These include the milking machine which collects milk from the animals, bulk tank which serves as a temporary storage of harvested milk and reduces the temperature of milk to around 4 °C, tractors, and trailers. ## Supply Chain - A supply chain is composed of producers, manufacturers, distributors and retailers linked together who are responsible for producing and turning raw materials into finished goods and services delivered to the consumers. - It includes planning, recording, and communication for efficient movement of goods between the chain components. ### Milk Supply Chain - The milk supply chain is composed of four main components as shown in Figure 1. - Milk is produced in the farm level and collected either in the farm or in specific milk collection centers. - Collected milk are then transported to dairy plants to be processed to liquid milk or other dairy products which are then distributed to retailers, establishments, or directly to consumers. **Figure 1. Basic components of a milk supply chain.** - Milk Production - Milk Collection - Milk Processing - Marketing and Distribution - Consumers **Figure 2. Milk Supply Chain for Small-hold Producers** - Home-based Processing - Unorganized (Private/NGO) - Sold to Federation - Cooperative Village Collection - Rural Commercial - Cooperative Federation Processing Plant - Milk Feeding Program - Commercial Market - Rural Consumer - Ice Cream Makers/Bakers - Groceries Supermarkets Home Deliveries Consumers - Coffee Shops Hotels and Restaurants - Urban Consumer **Figure 3. Milk Supply Chain of Commercial Farms with Dairy Plants** - Commercial/Government dairy farms produce milk - Self-owned processing plants - Ice Cream Markers/Bakers - Groceries Supermarkets Home Deliveries - Coffee Shops Hotels and Restaurants - Urban Consumer - Consumers **Figure 4. Milk Supply Chain of Commercial Farms Without Dairy Plants** - Commercial dairy farms produce milk - Processing Plants (Toll Processing) - Ice Cream Makers/Bakers - Groceries Supermarkets Home Deliveries - Coffee Shops Hotels and Restaurants - Urban Consumer - Consumers >*The author wishes to acknowledge Ms. Myrna S. Galang, University Researcher 2, for her inputs in the milk supply chain of the Philippines.* - In the Philippines, the dairy industry is primarily dominated by smallholder dairy farms, which constitute to form cooperatives, and a few commercial farms. - The supply chain of smallholder-produced milk is different with commercial farms in relation to the components involved in the chain (Figure 2). - Smallhold farms have milk collection centers which sell their milk to federations who are responsible for processing milk and marketing the products. - A big volume of the milk processed are bought by the government and used in Milk Feeding Programs while the other percentage are sold to consumers. ## The milk supply chain for commercial and government dairy farms can be divided into two - those with their own processing plants (Figure 3) and those who have their milk toll-processed in commercial dairy plants (Figure 4). - Farms with own processing plants distribute and sell their own products. - Dairy farms that do not have their own plants bring their milk to commercial dairy plants for toll processing. - These farms sell their milk though their marketing arm. - Commercial market for both the smallholder- and commercially-produced milk are ice cream makers, bakers, groceries, supermarkets, coffee shops, hotels, and restaurants. ## Definition of Terms - **Calf:** A young male or female bovine until 6 months of age - **Heifer:** A female bovine under 3 years of age that has not yet given birth. - **Cow:** A mature female bovine that has given birth. - **Dry Cow:** A cow not secreting milk after completing a lactation cycle following calving. - **Bull:** A sexually mature, uncastrated male bovine. - **Smallhold Dairy Farm:** Or backyard dairy farm; may begin with 1 to 3 dairy animals with the goal of increasing the herd to 5 to 20 heads; usually belongs to a primary cooperative. - **Commercial Dairy Farms:** Dairy farm which raises more than 20 milking animals. - **Primary Cooperative:** Organization of dairy farm producers which operates the collection center. - **Secondary Cooperative:** Also called the federation wherein primary cooperatives are its members. ## References - Bath DL et al. 1978. Dairy Cattle: Principles, Practices, Problems, Profits. 2nd Edition. Lea & Febiger, USA. Book available at ADSC-CVM library. - Bulatao S. 2007. The Philippines: Enterprise-driven dairy development 1. Submitted to the FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific's Lessons Learned Country Studies towards a Regional Strategy Paper for the Smallholder Dairy Sector. Available online. - Chandy KT. (n.d.) Cattle Housing Booklet No. 198. Animal Husbandry - Cattle: CAS-3. Available online. - Dairy Glossary. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/ag101/dairyglossary.html on July 25, 2014. Available online. - Ocampo PO. The Socio-Economic Importance of the Dairy Sector in the Philippines: Past, Present and Future. PowerPoint presentation. TREES, Los Baños, Laguna. 10 Nov 2010. Available with instructor-in-charge. - Ptc* 2010. Quality of milk and milk products. Available with instructor-in-charge. - The Exporting Process Supply Chains: From Producer to Consumer. The Right Move: Geography of Logistics. Retrieved from www. rightmoves. tdtvictoria. org. au on July 18, 2014. Available online.