Agri 203 Reporting G6 PDF

AGRI (203) Group 6 JOHN MICHAEL V. FALCON JOHN LLOYD FERNANDEZ GELLY MAY RIVERA LOVELYN TEBIANOSA  VI. NATURE, REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF SEEED GERMINATION A. THE GERMINATION PROCESS AND FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING C. TEC...

AGRI (203) Group 6 JOHN MICHAEL V. FALCON JOHN LLOYD FERNANDEZ GELLY MAY RIVERA LOVELYN TEBIANOSA  VI. NATURE, REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNIQUES OF SEEED GERMINATION A. THE GERMINATION PROCESS AND FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING C. TECHNIQUES FOR SEED GERMINATION FOR SPECIFIC KINDS OF PLANTS  A. THE GERMINATION PROCESS AND FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION Seed germination Seeds contain everything necessary for the growth and development of a new plant. The three primary parts of a seed are the embryo, the endosperm, and the seed coat. The embryo is the young, multicellular organism before it emerges from the seed.  A. THE GERMINATION PROCESS AND FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION Stratification is a Germination is the dormancy mechanism process by which the whereby seeds must seed embryo begins experience a period of cold growth. A seed is temperature before the considered to have seed can germinate. germinated when the Scarification is a embryonic root emerges dormancy mechanism that from the seed coat. involves the breakdown of the seed coat. A. THE GERMINATION PROCESS AND FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION Environmental factors for germination include moisture, air, optimal temperatures, and possibly light or darkness. Viability is the ability of seeds to germinate under optimal conditions. Vigor is defined as the ability of seeds to germinate under different conditions and still produce healthy plants. Three major stages in the germination process are the imbibition of water, increased metabolic activity, and swelling of cells. A. THE GERMINATION PROCESS AND FACTORS AFFECTING SEED GERMINATION WEB LINKS: SEED GERMINATION PROCESS AND REQUIREMENTS https://s3.amazonaws.com/scschoolfiles/357 /seed_germination.pdf B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Since we talked about how seeds germinate, it may also be helpful to touch on why seeds might not germinate, a state called seed dormancy. Seed dormancy is a condition that prevents seeds from germinating even under ideal conditions. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING What are the types of seed dormancy and how can they be broken? Seed dormancy can be physical or chemical: Physical dormancy Chemical dormancy B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Physical dormancy is where seeds have a hard or thick seed coat. o Soaking or scratching the surface can break this type of seed dormancy and allow the seed to germinate. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Chemical dormancy is where seeds have internal or metabolic conditions that hinder germination. Certain plant hormones like abscisic acid can prevent germination. o This type of dormancy can be broken by leaching the seed, using cold or moist stratification (putting seeds under both cold and moist environments such as the refrigerator), or fire scarification (using fire to weaken or alter the seed coat). B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING There may be various reasons why seed dormancy exists in nature. For instance, delayed germination can protect seedlings against potentially bad weather or even animals that can harm or consume them. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING SEED TESTING The main objective of seed testing is to assess the actual planting value of the seed in terms of its germination capacity besides determination of percentage composition of the pure seeds, weed seeds, other crop species, extraneous matter and moisture content of the submitted sample. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Seed testing procedures Registration of seed samples: The submitted samples should be of the specified weight. The accepted sample is registered for testing and is given a code number so as to maintain the secrecy about its identity during testing. The details of the samples such as crop, variety, class of seed, tests required etc. are entered in individual seed analysis cards. Working sample of specified size is obtained from the submitted sample by using the seed dividers. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Physical purity analysis: The purity analysis is done on a working sample of prescribed weight drawn from the submitted sample. Germination testing:A minimum of four hundred seeds in replications as per convenience are tested for germination. The most important requirements for seed germination testing are substrata, moisture, temperature and light. Substrata The substrate serves as a moisture reservoir and acts as a medium for the seeds to germinate and the seedlings to grow. The commonly used substrates are paper and sand. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Methods of using substrata Top of paper (T.P): In this method seeds are placed directly on one or more layers of moist filter or blotter papers in Petri dishes or plastic boxes which are in turn kept for incubation. Between paper (B.P.): Seeds are placed in between two moist germination papers and rolled together to look like a rolled towel. Sand substrata: Plastic boxes are filled with sterilized sand of recommended particle size upto 3/4 th of box height. The sand is moistened upto 50% of its water holding capacity. The seeds are planted on the leveled layer of moist sand and covered with 10-20 mm of uncompressed sand depending on the size of the seed. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Duration of the test The duration of sample incubation varies from crop to crop. For most of the crops first ‘count is taken’ on the 4th or the 5th day and the final count between 7 to 10 days. The time for count is fixed in such a way that it is sufficient to allow seedlings to reach a stage of development which allows for accurate evaluation. B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING Seedling, Evaluation: Germination Normal seedlings percentage Abnormal Retesting seedlings Moisture Fresh determination ungerminated Hot air oven method seeds Moisture meter Dead seeds method B. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY AND SEED TESTING WEB LINKS: Seed Germination https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/biology/plant-biology/seed-germination/? fbclid=IwY2xjawEtZixleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHTh4BYZrQGOxcsXdyabOlTM1wAjaEiyVa5LJxSHublrM0TEwXU4B8LbgAg _aem_ZNkx_Hv1SBPLY3Zfko88Rw#:~:text=There%20are%20two%20types%20of,moisture%2C%20and%20light %20to%20germinate SEED TESTING https://seednet.gov.in/material/Seed_Testing.htm?fbclid=IwY2xjawEtZjVleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHTowZeEiY2YFp6USN 3blHvBLqKueRRpQBTAIClHwVQR0RNSYiatHYzptlA_aem_TkbT02Luzscpt1AAAZRy6w C. TECHNIQUES FOR SEED GERMINATION FOR SPECIFIC KINDS OF PLANTS Beginner gardeners can find the task fairly arduous and frustrating, especially when they’ve followed all the rules and somehow still can’t get their seeds to produce anything. There are a number of factors that could be preventing your seeds from growing including water and sunlight, but the biggest issue people don’t realize is that the germination process plays a major role in the outcome of your seeds. Paper Towel Germination Methods This is by far one of the easiest methods of germinating seeds, no matter what kind of plant it is, using a damp paper towel! This method is suitable for various types of seeds, including flower seeds. When moist, a paper towel behaves the same way soil does, providing a warm, dark, and protected environment for your seeds. Rockwool Cubes Perfect for Bonsai Tree seeds and plants that are a bit larger in size, all you need to do is soak the cubes for about 30 minutes. Then poke a hole through the top and add your seeds. As the seeds germinate, the embryonic root will emerge, signaling the start of plant growth. You’ll want to add 1 or 2 at a time, since rockwool cubes are generally made for singular use. Soil Pods They’re much less expensive than the rockwool cubes, and they provide a better environment for things like herbs and floral decorations. They come in round discs filled with compressed soil; like the rockwool, soil pods need to be soaked, but they expand within a few minutes so you won’t have to wait as long to plant them. Water Germination Germinating seeds in water isn’t impossible, but it’s not ideal; this is something you can do if you don’t have other resources though! Simply drop your seeds in a plain water cup and place cling wrap over the top. When you see condensation, remove the cling wrap, wipe the edges of the cup, and place new plastic wrap over it. Traditional Germination It’s always best to start with a smaller location, but sometimes putting seeds straight into the soil is a better option, just be sure to use the proper planting depth. Ensure that the seed coat remains above the soil line to promote healthy growth. This is especially true if you’re the kind of person who sets up their germination station and forgets about it until weeks later. REFERENCE: How to Germinate Seeds: 5 Different Germination Methods https://www.shopgardenrepublic.com/blogs/blog/5-different-germination-methods? fbclid=IwY2xjawEtZxxleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHbeV8Zwtw0z_PmC20nZHbZoqz6ni27nqSlksFjl5zDZQwpI3hbE D-lSvbA_aem_LdRcrG95N9OWPv-0Qt9aQg#:~:text=Common%20methods%20include%20soil %20planting,seeds’%20needs%20and%20your%20environment