African and Latin American Music PDF

Music of Africa  African music has been a collective result from the cultural and musical diversity of the more than 50 countries of the continent. The organization of this is a colonial legacy from European rule whose vastness has enabled it to incorporate its music with language, environment, p...

Music of Africa  African music has been a collective result from the cultural and musical diversity of the more than 50 countries of the continent. The organization of this is a colonial legacy from European rule whose vastness has enabled it to incorporate its music with language, environment, political developments, Traditional Music of Africa - Functional in nature 1.Used for ceremonial rites 2.Work-related 3.Social in nature 4.Entertainment 1.Afrobeat – used to describe the fusion of West african with black American music 2.Apala ( Akpala) –a musical genre from Nigeria (to wake up the worshippers after fasting during Ramadan 3.Axe – a music that fuses the Afro – Carribean styles of marcha,reggae and calypso. 4.Jit – a hard and percussive Zimbabwen dance music 5.Jive – a South African music featuring a  6. Juju – a musical style from Nigeria that relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms. 7. Kwasa Kwasa – a dance style that begun in Zaire.(the hips move back and forth while the arms move following the hips 8.Marabi – a South African three-chord township music of the 1930-1960’s which evolved into African jazz.It is characterized by simple chords in varying vamping patterns and repetitive harmony.  Latin American Music influenced by African Music 1.Reggae – a Jamaican sound dominated by bass guitar and drums. - it was strongly influenced by traditional mento and calypso music, American jazz, rhythm and blues.It’s most recognizable musical elements are its offbeat rhythm and staccato chords. 2.Salsa – Cuban,Puerto Rican and Colombian dance music 3.Samba – a Brazilian music - a lively and rhythmical dance and music with three steps to every bar. 4. Soca- a music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago. 5. Were – a Muslim music performed often as a wake-up call for early breakfast and prayers during Ramadan. 6. Zouk –a fast carnival –like music originating in Guadaloupe and Martinique (Carribean Islands)  VOCAL FORMS 1.Maracatu – first surfaced in the African state of Pernambuco, combining the strong rhythms of African percussion instruments with Portuguese melodies. They are called “nacoes”(nations) who paraded with a drumming ensemble numbering up to 100 accompanied by a singer, chorus and a coterie of dancers. 2.Blues – a musical form of the late 20 th century. These communities are called “Deep South” of the US. The notes of the blues create an expressive and soulful sound. Communicates various emotions. 3. Soul – it combines the elements of African –American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. It is accompanied by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves. It also includes the “call and response” between the soloist and the chorus. And especially tense and powerful vocal sound. 4. Spiritual – refers to a song by African migrants who became enslaved by its white communities.Its their outlet to vent their  MUSIC OF LATIN AMERICA The music of Latin America is the product of three major influences – Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African. Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have had a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the following areas: a. Andean region (a mountain system of western South America along the Pacific coast from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego) – Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela b. Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama c. Carribean – Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, At the same time, because of the inter-racial cross breeding and migration, the above named countries were also somewhat commonly populated by five major ancestral groups as follows: Indian descendants of the original native Americans who were the inhabitants of the region before the arriva; of Christopher Columbus African descendants from Western and Central Africa European descendants Asian descendants from China, Japan, India, and Indonesia/Java Mixed descendants from the above-named groups INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC Before the arrival of the Spanish, Portuguese, and other European colonizers, the natives were found to be using local drum and percussion instruments such as the guiro, maracas, and turtle shells, and wind instruments such as zampona (pan pipes) and quena (notched-end flutes) remain popular and are traditionally made out of the same aquatic canes. The indigenous music of Latin America was largely functional in nature, being used for religious worship and ceremonies. Native American/Indian Music The ethnic and cultural groups of the principal native Americans share many similar yet distinctive music elements pertaining to melody, harmony, rhythm, form, and dynamics. Short musical motives from descending melodic lines were a common feature, where tempo, rhythm, and tone colors vary with the specific occasion or ritual. Many dance forms were repetitious, while songs had a wide range of volume levels Afro-Latin American Music The African influence on Latin American music is most pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic patterns produced by the drums and various percussion instruments. Complex layering of rhythmic patterns was a favorite device, where fast paced tempos add to the rhythmic density. Vocal music was often deep chested while instrumental music greatly relied on resonant drums and sympathetic buzzers to produce rich sounds and occasional loud volume levels to reflect their intensity.  Euro-Latin American Music The different regions of Latin America adopted various characteristics from their European colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period were used in Southern Chile and the Colombian Pacific coasts, while step-wise melodies were preferred in the heavily Hispanic and Moorish-influenced areas of Venezuela and Colombia MIXED AMERICAN This musical fusion of Latin America combining native instruments with European counterparts and musical theories was further enriched by the instruments brought by the African slaves. The result of the massive infusion of African culture also brought about the introduction of other music and dance forms such as the AfroCuban rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia, and the Brazilian samba  Popular Latin American Music Latin America has produced a number of musical genres and forms that had been influenced by European folk music, African traditional music, and native sources. Much of its popular music has in turn found its way to the many venues and locales of America, Europe, and eventually the rest of the world. 1. Samba - The samba is a dance form of African origins around 1838 which evolved into an African-Brazilian invention in the working class and slum districts of Rio de Janeiro.  2. Son – originated in Cuba The son is a fusion of the popular music or canciones (songs) of Spain and the African rumba rhythms of Bantu origin. (Forerunner of Salsa) Salsa The salsa is a social dance with marked influences from Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in New York in the mid 1970’s. Its style contains elements from the swing dance and hustle as well as the complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Carribean dance forms of pachanga and guaguanco.  VOCAL AND DANCE FORMS OF LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC Latin American instruments are extremely useful in adding life, color, and variety to their many vocal and dance forms which have captured the world’s attention and affectionate adoption. However, the original Latin dance forms have been experiencing constant revivals of their popularity especially in “ballroom dancing” as the trendier modern styles also fade almost as quickly as they come. 1. Cumbia Originating in Panama and Colombia, the cumbia became a popular African courtship dance with European and African instrumentation and characteristics. 2. Tango The word tango may have been of African origin meaning “African dance” or from the Spanish word taner meaning “to play” (an instrument). It is a foremost Argentinian and Uruguayan urban popular song and dance that is related to the Cuban contradanza, habanera, and Cuban tango, and remains a 20th century nationalistic Argentinian piece of music that is most expressive.  3. Cha Cha The cha cha is a ballroom dance the originated in Cuba in 1953, derived from the mambo and its characteristic rhythm. The cha cha may be danced with Cuban music, Latin Pop, or Latin Rock. The Cuban cha cha, considered more sensual that may contain polyrhythmic patterns, has a normal count of ‘two-three-chachacha’ and ‘four and one, two, three’. 4. Rumba The rumba popular recreational dance of Afro-Cuban origin, performed in a complex duple meter pattern and tresillo, which is a dotted quaver – dotted quaver – dotted semiquaver rhythm. It is normally used as a ballroom dance where a solo dancer or couple would be in an embrace though slightly apart, with the rocking of the hips to a fast-fast-slow sequence and often containing cross rhythms.  5. Bossa nova Bossa nova originated in 1958-59 as a movement effecting a radical change in the classic Cuban samba. The word bossa comes from the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro, which means either “trend” or “something charming,” integrating melody, harmony, and rhythm into a swaying feel, where the vocal style is often nasal. The nylon-stringed classical guitar is the most important instrument of this style. Bossa nova contains themes centering on love, women, longing, nature, and youthfulness  6.Reggae – urban popular music and dance style that originated in Jamaica in the mid 1960’s. It contained English text coupled with Creole expressions that were not so familiar to the non-Jamaican. It was a synthesis of Western American (Afro-American) popular music and the traditional Afro-Jamaican music, containing a western-style melodic-harmonic base with African sounds and characteristics, American pop and rock music mannerisms, and a preference for a loud volume in the bass  7. Foxtrot - The foxtrot is a 20th century social dance that originated after 1910 in the USA. It was executed as a one step, two step and syncopated rhythmic pattern. There was no fixed step pattern, instead borrowing from other dance forms and having a simple forward/backward sequence. The foxtrot gave rise to other dances such as the black bottom, Charleston, and shimmy.  8. Paso Doble - The paso doble (meaning “double step”) is a theatrical Spanish dance used by the Spaniards in bullfights, where the music was played as the matador enters (paseo) and during passes just before the kill (faena).  JAZZ T he arrival of the jazz genre did not come overnight. It was an offshoot of the music of African slaves who migrated to America. As music is considered a therapeutic outlet for human feelings, the Africans used music to recall their nostalgic past in their home country as well as to voice out their sentiments on their desperate condition at that time. Since then, these melancholy beginnings have evolved into various more upbeat jazz forms which the world has adopted and incorporated into other contemporary styles.  RAGTIME Ragtime is an American popular musical style mainly for piano, originating in the AfroAmerican communities in St. Louis and New Orleans. Its style was said to be a modification of the “marching mode” made popular by John Philip Sousa, where the effect is generated by an internally syncopated melodic line pitted against a rhythmically straightforward bass line. Its music is written unlike jazz which is mainly improvised, and contains regular meters and clear phrases, with an alternation of low bass or bass octaves and chords.  Foremost exponents of ragtime were Jelly Roll Morton who was an American ragtime and early jazz pianist and composed Frog I More Rag. Scott Joplin, who also composed the popular Maple Leaf Rag, Solace, and The Entertainer. Joplin is also knows as the “King of Ragtime.” Ragtime also influenced a number of classical composers, among them Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, and Igor Stravinsky, who injected ragtime rhythmic elements in their compositions.  BIG BAND The term ‘Big Band” refers to a large ensemble form originating in the United States in the mid 1920’s closely associated with the Swing Era with jazz elements. Among the great big bands were the Glenn Miller Orchestra (A String of Pearls, Moonlight Serenade, In The Mood, American Patrol, and Smoke Gets in Your Eyes); the Count Basie Orchestra (April in Paris); and the Benny Goodman Orhcestra (Sing, Sing, Sing); while some solo signers such as Cab Calloway (Minnie the Moocher) Doris Day (Stardust, I’m in the Mood for Love); Roy Eldridge, and others also collaborated with big bands.  BEBOP Bebop or bop is a musical style of modern jazz which is characterized by a fast tempo, instrumental virtuosity, and improvisation that emerged during World War II. The speed of the harmony, melody, and rhythm resulted in a heavy performance where the instrumental sound became more tense and free. Its main exponents were trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, alto sax player Charlie Parker, drummers Max Roach and Roy Haynes, pianists Bud Powell and Thelonius Monk; guitarist Charlie Christian; tenor sax players Dexter Gordon and Sonny Rollins, who was also a composer; and trombonist JJ Johnson.  JAZZ ROCK Jazz rock is the music of 1960’s and 1970’s bands that inserted jazz elements into rock music. A synonym for “jazz fusion,” jazz rock is a mix of funk and R&B (“rhythm and blues”) rhythms, where the music used amplification and electronic effects, complex time signatures, and extended instrumental compositions with lengthy improvisations in the jazz style. Popular singer/songwriters Joni Mitchell, Tim Buckley, and Van Morrison were among those who adopted the jazz rock style.  POPULAR MUSIC P opular music literally means “music of the populace,” similar to traditional folk music of the past. As it developed in the 20th century, pop music (as it has come to be called) generally consisted of music for entertainment of large numbers of people, whether on radio or in live performances. BALLADS The ballad originated as an expressive folksong in narrative verse with text dealing typically about love. The word is derived both from the medieval French “chanson balladee” and “ballade” which refers to a dancing song. Used by poets and composers since the 18th century, it became a slow popular love song in the 19th century. Today, the term ballad now refers to a love song in a slightly pop or  Types of Ballads 1. Blues ballads 2. Pop Standards and Jazz ballads 3. Pop and rock ballad STANDARDS - used to denote the most popular and enduring songs from a particular genre or style. Its style is mostly in a slow or moderate tempo with a relaxed mood. It also features highly singable melodies within the range and technical capacity of the everyday listener  ROCK AND ROLL Rock and roll was a hugely popular song form in the United States during the late 1940’s to the 1950’s. It combined Afro-American forms such as the blues, jump blues, jazz, and gospel music with the Western swing and country music. The lead instruments were the piano and saxophone, but these were eventually replaced by modern instruments. The greatest exponent of the rock and roll style was the legendary Elvis Presley. Presley’s style was the precursor of the British band known as The Beatles, whose compositions further boosted rock and roll as the favorite genre of the times.  DISCO The 1970s saw the rise of another form of pop music known as “disco.” Disco music pertained to rock music that was more danceable, thus leading to the establishment of venues for public dancing also called discos. The term originated from the French word “discotheque” which means a library for phonograph records. Famous figures of the disco genre include ABBA, Donna Summer (“The Queen of Disco”), The Bee Gees; Earth, Wind, and Fire; KC and the Sunshine Band; The Village People; and Gloria Gaynor, bringing us such hits as Dancing Queen, Stayin’ Alive, Boogie Wonderland, and Hot  POP MUSIC Parallel with the disco era, other pop music superstars continued to emerge. Among them were Neil Sedaka , Diana Ross and the Supremes, Olivia Newton John , Stevie Wonder , Elton John , The Carpenters , and Barry Manilow (Mandy). Pop superstars in more recent years include solor artists Celine Dion (My Heart Will Go On), Madonna (Material Girl), Whitney Houston (I Will Always Love You), Mariah Carey (Hero), Justin Timberlake (Justified), Britney Spears (Oops, I Did It Again), Beyonce (Irreplaceable), Lady Gaga (Bad Romance), and Bruno Mars (Just The Way You Are); as well as vocal groups such as Boyz II Men (Four Seasons of Loneliness), The Backstreet Boys (I Want It That Way), N’Sync (This I Promise You), Destiny’s Child (Survivor), among many others.  TODAYS POP MUSIC IDOLS As the 21st century continues to unfold, more and more pop groups emerge spanning an entire range of musical styles and genres. There are music groups like Black Eyed Peas, K Pop (Korean), My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boys, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Souja Boy, Train, Maroon 5, and One Direction. While solo performers include Adele, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran, Rihanna, Chris Brown, Ariana Grande, Justin Beiber, Miley Cyrus, Katy Perry, Nikki Minaj, Selena Gomez, and others.  HIP HOP AND RAP Hip hop music is a stylized, highly rhythmic type of music that usually (but not always) includes portions of rhytmically chanted words called “rap.” In rapping, the artist speaks along with an instrumental or synthesized beat. ALTERNATIVE MUSIC Alternative music was an underground independent form of music that arose in the 1980’s. It became widely popular in the 1990’s as a way to defy “mainstream” rock music. THANK YOU !