Advanced Networking Midterm Reviewer.pdf

Lesson 1- Network Infrastructure Design List of Subnet Ranges Subnetting Subnetting is the process of dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable sub- networks (subnets). This helps in efficiently organizing and using IP addresses within a...

Lesson 1- Network Infrastructure Design List of Subnet Ranges Subnetting Subnetting is the process of dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable sub- networks (subnets). This helps in efficiently organizing and using IP addresses within a network, improving security and performance. Network Address is the first IP address in a network domain or subnet. Host Addresses are all IP addresses between the network and broadcast addresses. These are the usable host addresses to be assigned to network devices. Broadcast Address is the last IP address in the network domain or subnet. Supernetting Since you need 2 bits, you move the subnet Supernetting enables ISPs and large mask two bits to the left: organizations to allocate larger IP address Original mask in binary: blocks to customers or internal networks, 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (/24) simplifying management by reducing the need New mask: for multiple smaller subnet allocations. 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 (/22) New subnet mask: 255.255.252.0 The Process Supernetting combines multiple smaller, Determine the Supernet Range. contiguous networks (subnets) into a larger The supernet range will cover the addresses network (supernet) to optimize routing. from the first network's start to the last network's end: Determine the networks to combine. Start Address: 192.168.0.0 – NA of supernet Let's use four Class C networks: End Address: 192.168.3.255 – BA of supernet 192.168.0.0/24 192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24 192.168.3.0/24 Calculate the new supernet mask 192.168.0.0/22 Supernet Range Identify the Number of Networks: You have four networks to combine. Find the Number of Bits Needed: Use the formula: Adjust the subnet mask. The default subnet mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0 (/24). Packet Tracer Lesson 2- Switch and Router Magement Switch Switches are devices in a network that connect multiple devices (such as computers, printers, and servers) within a Local Area Network (LAN). They operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model, forwarding data frames based on MAC addresses. Switches create a scalable, high-performance, and reliable How Switches and VLANs Are Used: network infrastructure. Network Segmentation Scenario: A large company has multiple departments, such as HR, Finance, Sales, and IT, all connected to the same physical network. Solution: VLANs can be configured on the switch to separate the network traffic of each department. VLAN VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are a technology that allows a single physical switch to be logically divided into multiple isolated networks. This means that devices on different VLANs cannot communicate with each other directly, even if they are connected to the same physical switch. VLANs are used to improve security, reduce broadcast domains, and make network management more flexible and efficient. How Switches and VLANs Are Used: How Switches and VLANs Are Used: Reducing Broadcast Traffic Supports Multiple Networks on the Same Scenario: A university campus network has Infrastructure thousands of devices spread across multiple Scenario: A company operates both a buildings, all connected to a central switch. corporate network and a guest Wi-Fi network, and both need to be separated for security Solution: VLANs can be used to reduce reasons. broadcast traffic by segmenting the network into smaller, more manageable broadcast Solution: VLANs can be configured to domains. separate the corporate network from the guest network on the same physical switch. How Switches and VLANs Are Used: Implementing VLANs in a Hospital Improved Network Management and Flexibility Scenario: A large hospital needs to manage Scenario: An organization frequently moves its network effectively to ensure that different employees between departments, and each types of traffic, such as patient records, department has specific network medical imaging, administrative work, and public requirements. Wi-Fi, are kept separate for security and performance reasons. Solution: VLANs allow the network administrator to easily reassign a port on the switch to a different VLAN without needing to re-cable or change the physical setup. Privileged EXEC mode and Configuration mode Privileged EXEC mode is a higher-level command mode in a Cisco device that allows access to all commands and system settings, including configuration commands. Configuration mode (a.k.a. global configuration mode) is where you make system-wide configuration changes, such as setting up VLANs, IP addresses, and other device settings. The CLI (Command-Line Interface) in Packet Tracer is a text-based interface that allows you to interact with and configure network devices by typing commands directly into the console. Packet Tracer In this activity, we'll simulate a hospital network in Cisco Packet Tracer. We will implement VLANs to segment the network into two departments, which is Medical Devices, and Administrative Offices. This will ensure each department's traffic is isolated for security and efficiency.  Lesson 3- IPv6, DHCP, and NAT IP version six is a 128-bit address that is presented using hexadecimal characters. It is now configured in many network devices. IPv6 is the successor to IPv4, developed to solve the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion due to the increasing number of devices connected to the internet Standardization IPv6 was first introduced in 1998 (RFC 2460) and ratified as an internet standard in 2017 (RFC 8200) What is IPv6? Difference from IPv4 IPv4 has a 32-bit address space, allowing for IPv6 offers a far larger address space about 4.29 billion addresses (2^32). However, and uses hexadecimal instead of decimal this is insufficient for the current number of notation. internet-connected devices. IPv6 addresses are written in eight IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space, providing a blocks of 16 bits, separated by colons vast number of addresses (2^128), which can comfortably accommodate the growing number of devices Address Format IPv4: 32 bits, written as four decimal numbers separated by periods (e.g., 192.168.1.1). IPv6: 128 bits, written in hexadecimal (0-9 and A-F), split into eight blocks of 16 bits, separated by colons (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334). IPv6 uses hexadecimal for address representation, which includes the digits 0-9 and the letters A-F, with each block containing 16 bits Prefix Length and Subnetting IPv6 does not use a traditional subnet mask like IPv4. Instead, it uses a slash notation (e.g., /64), where the number after the slash indicates the network part of the address, with the remaining bits for hosts Public and Private IP Public IP Address: A unique IP address assigned to a device that is directly accessible over the internet. It allows devices to communicate with each other across different Types of IPv6 Addresses networks. Public IP addresses are globally I. Unicast unique and are assigned by the Internet Used to communicate with a single device or Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). interface. Private IP Address: An IP address assigned IPv6 Unicast Address Types to devices within a private network, such as a home or office network. These addresses are Loopback Address not routable on the internet and are used for Used to send a packet/ping to your own internal communication within the local network device. Represented as ::1 (compressed form). Not used for communication with other devices Link-local Address Used for communication within the same local network (single link). Cannot be routed outside the link. All IPv6-enabled devices must have a link- local address. Unique Local Unicast Address (ULA) Unicast: IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address Equivalent to IPv4 private addresses used Used by dual-stack devices to communicate within amlocal network. with IPv4-only devices. Not routable over the internet. The first 96 bits are in hexadecimal, Begins with FD00::/8 when the local flag is followed by dotted decimal notation. set to 1 (current standard). Example: If we have an IPv4 address of May also begin with FC00::/8 if the local 192.168.1.1 flag is set to 0 (yet to be defined – for future use). The local flag (L flag) in a Unique Local Unicast (ULA) address indicates whether the address was locally assigned Global Unicast Address (GUA) Equivalent to public addresses. Summary Designed for use across the internet. Can be used to route packets across various networks. The range of the first hextet is 2000 through 3fff Unspecified Address Used to indicate the absence of an address. Represented as 0::0::0::0::0::0::0::0 or :: II. Multicast Well-known IPv6 Multicast Addresses FF02::1 (All Nodes Multicast Address): Used for one-to-many communication, where This multicast address sends packets to all a packet/ping is sent to multiple devices IPv6 devices on the local link. It is similar to simultaneously. the broadcast address in IPv4 but more efficient, as only devices listening for this In IPv4, multicast addresses are in the address will process the packet. class D range (224.0.0.0) FF02::2 (All Routers Multicast Address): This address sends packets to all IPv6 routers on the local link. FF02::5 (OSPFv3 All Routers Multicast Address): This is a multicast address for all routers running OSPFv3 (Open Shortest Path First version 3), a routing protocol for IPv6. Multicast Address Structure FF02::A (EIGRP for IPv6 Routers Multicast IPv6 multicast addresses start with ff. Address): This multicast address is used by routers running EIGRP (Enhanced Interior The next 4 bits represent flags. Gateway Routing Protocol) for IPv6 0 – reserved R – rendezvous point P – network prefix T – transient flag T flag: Value 0: Predefined multicast addresses III. Anycast assigned by IANA (well-known and solicited multicast). Value 1: Dynamically assigned Multiple devices can have the same anycast multicast addresses IPv6 address. Assigned to multiple interfaces, allowing the packet to be routed to the nearest device with the same anycast address. Anycast addresses do not have a special prefix and typically fall within the unicast range.  Assigned to multiple interfaces, allowing the packet to be routed to the nearest device with the same anycast address. Useful for directing traffic to the closest server or device based on location (e.g., connecting to local servers in different countries).