Computer & Network Infrastructure Lecture 2 PDF

College of Applied Medical Sciences in Dammam Academic Year 2024-2025 Health Information (HIMT 204). Computer & Network Infrastructure Lec tu re 2...

College of Applied Medical Sciences in Dammam Academic Year 2024-2025 Health Information (HIMT 204). Computer & Network Infrastructure Lec tu re 2 Nouf Alassaf  Learning Objectives At the end of this session, you should be able to: Describe the basic components of computing and networks Understand the importance of networks in the health field Compare and contrast classifications of computers and networks Discuss the Internet and its evolution  Why Study "Computer and Network” in HI? - Health informatics (HI) foundational sciences are: 1. Computer Science The study of storage/memory, conversion and transformation, and transfer or transmission of information in computers 2. Information Science The study of the application and use of information and knowledge in organizations and the interaction between people, organizations, and systems 3. Health Science The study of human responses to health problems Computer  What is a Computer? - A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data - Any computer carries out five functions: 1. Takes data as input 2. Stores the data/instructions and use them when required 3. Processes the data and converts it into useful information 4. Generates the output 5. Controls all the above four steps  Computer: Classifications - Computers can be generally classified accoring to: o Size o function, o and data handling Microcomputer Workstation Minicomputer Mainframe Supercomputer Least Most powerful powerful  Computer: Classifications (Cont.) 1. Microcomputer - Known as Personal Computer (PC) - Easy to use, small, low computing power o One user at a time (single user) - Used for personal applications in our daily life, for example: o Desktop computer o Laptop o Smartphones o Tablet o Palmtop computer  Computer: Classifications (Cont.) 2. Workstation - Powerful, high-in-cost and single-user computer - Designed for technical and scientific applications - Used to handle: o Animation o Data analysis o CAD o Audio and video editing  Computer: Classifications (Cont.) 3. Minicomputer - Known as midsized computer, in size and power - Capable of supporting (multi-user) o 4 to 200 of users simultaneously - Ideal for departments such as: o Billing o Accounting o Inventory management  Computer: Classifications (Cont.) 4. Mainframe - It is expensive but powerful and has a long life - Capable of supporting (multi-user) o Many thousands of users simultaneously o Multiple programs and execute different processes simultaneously - Ideal for big organizations such as: o Banking o Telecom sector o Healthcare o Insurance agencies o Universities  Computer: Classifications (Cont.) 5. Supercomputer - It is extremely fast and very expensive computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second - Execute single program as fast as possible - Primarily used in: o Stock market or managing the online currency world (i.e., bitcoin) o Exploring the solar system, satellites, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research Computer: Components - A complete computer system has four components: hardware, software, data, and users - The two main components: hardware and software  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware - The physical part of the computer that causes the processing of data Communication Devices  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - The brain of the computer - It performs the actual computation inside any computer - It is a microprocessor made up of millions of microscopic transistors embedded in a circuit on a silicon wafer or chip  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) a. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logical operations b. Control unit (CU): extracts instructions from memory, decodes, and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary c. Registers: storage area with high speed inside the CPU which keep very small amount of data and instructions for short period  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 2. Computer Memories - It is an essential part of a computer. It stores data and instructions. Categories of memories: a. CPU Register b. Cache Memory - High speed memory which can speed up CPU - Acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory - Used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 2. Computer Memories c. Primary (Main) Memory 1. Random Access Memory (RAM) - Loses its state when power is turned off (short-term) - Called: active memory 2. Read-Only Memory (ROM) - Responsible for storing the so-called boot programs - Impossible to change its content  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 2. Computer Memories d. Secondary memory - Allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data and programs - The data is stored, where the memory does not go away when the power is turned off - It is slower than main memory - Examples: disk, CD ROM, DVD, etc.  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 2. Computer Memories  Computer: Components (Cont.) A. Hardware 3. Input devices - Any device that can send data and instructions to a computer - Examples: keyboard, mouse, trackpad, voice recognition 4. Output devices - A display screen, printer, or any device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished  Computer: Components (Cont.) B. Software - Software is a collection of programs (instructions) that enable the user to interact with a computer, its hardware, or perform a specific task System Software Application Software Gives the path for Built for specific tasks application software to run General purpose Specific purpose Runs when the system is turned on and Runs as per the user’s request stop when the system is turned off Ex: Operating system (macOS) Ex: Photoshop Computer Networks  Networks: Definition - A network is a group of computers that are linked together - Networks help in o File sharing o Resource sharing o Communication and collaboration o Remote access o Data protection  Networks: Classifications - A network is named based on connection method, as well as configuration or size: Personal Local Metropolitan Wide Area Area Area Area Network Network Network Network Smallest Largest  Networks: Classifications (Cont.) 1. Personal Area Network (PAN) - It is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use within a range of 10 meters - It can be o Wireless: by using Bluetooth o Wired: by using USB - Examples o Body area network Google glass, gaming headsets, smartwatches, wristbands o Home network  Networks: Classifications (Cont.) 2. Local Area Network (LAN) - The most common network - It connects group of computers together across short distances to share information and resources; privately owned - LANs can be o Wired o Wireless Ex: Wi-Fi network  Networks: Classifications (Cont.) 3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - It is a high-speed network that covers a geographical area as large as a small city - It can range from 5 to 50 kilometers - Usually connects number of LANs by using a high-capacity technology, such as fiber optical links  Networks: Classifications (Cont.) 4. Wide Area Network (WAN) - It is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as countries - Usually connect through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links - Examples o Internet o Satellite system o 5G mobile broadband system  Networks: Components A. Hardware 1. Servers - It can be of various kinds: file servers, database servers, print servers etc.  Networks: Components A. Hardware 2. Workstation - In networking, it refer to any kind of computers A. Client: computers that request and receive from servers to access the resources of the network B. Peer: computers that provide and receive services to access the resources of the network  Networks: Components A. Hardware 3. Transmission media - The channels which data are transferred from one device to another in a network - It may be guided media like fibre optic cables or unguided media like microwaves  Networks: Components A. Hardware 4. Connecting device - Any device that can transmit an analog or digital signal over the telephone, other communication wire, or wirelessly  Networks: Components (Cont.) B. Software 1. Networking operating system - It is typically installed in the server, so they give the user accesses to the network resources (share files, database, applications, printers etc.) 2. Protocol suite - It is a rule or guideline followed by each computer for data communication Internet  Internet: Definition - Publicly accessible computer network connecting many smaller networks from around the world  Internet: Evolution - 1965 o Two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other for the first time - 1969 o “ARPANET” (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was born By: United States Department of Defense Purpose: to provide a secure communication system in case of war among the various bodies of US government - In 1972 o ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 hosts located at different countries and thus became known as Internet  Internet: Evolution (Cont.) - 1990 o The first commercial dial-up access to internet o The ARPANET was decommissioned - 1991 o World Wide Web (WWW) was released to the public - 1995 o Internet and the WWW were established phenomena - By the time, Internet provided a medium to publish and access information over the web  Intranet, Extranet & Internet - Intranet: a private connection of LANs o Belongs to an organization o To be accessible only by the organization’s members o From within the organization  Intranet, Extranet & Internet (Cont.) - Extranet: A secure and safe access to individuals who work for a different organization, but require company data - Examples o Suppliers/contractors o An access to hospital portal system to doctors and patients  Intranet, Extranet & Internet (Cont.) - If a clinician desires access from home (Internet) to the hospital records (intranet) - One option is Virtual Private Network (VPN) - A secure connection to the internet by encrypting all your online traffic and routing it through a point-to-point connection between your device and the VPN server  Summary - Informaticists need to understand basic computer and network architectures - Both computer and network comprised of hardware and software - Computers can be classified by size to microcomputer, workstation, minicomputer, mainframe & supercomputer - Network based on size can be PAN, LAN, MAN & WAN - The most common and used network is LAN - Bluetooth is the most popular PAN and Internet a popular WAN - The Internet is the premier network for all industries, including healthcare - APRANET is an experimental computer network and forerunner of the Internet - VPN is the way to provide a secure and remote access to all providers at home  References Abdo, M. 2020). Categories of network. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344259472_Categories_of_Network Amatayakul, M. (2006). Electronic health records: A Practical guide for professionals and organizations. (4th ed.) American Health Information Management Association. Carnegie Mellon University. (n.d). Types of computers. https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fgandon/lecture/uk1999/computers_types/ Cisco Press. (2014). Introduction to networks: Exploring the network. https://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2164577&seqNum=5 Hebda, T., Hunter, K. & Czar, P. (2024). Handbook of informatics for nurses and healthcare professionals. (7th ed.). Pearson. Hoyt, R. E. &Yoshihashi, A. K. (2018). Health informatics: Practical guide for healthcare and information technology professionals. (7th ed.). Lulu.com. Hp. (2019). How does the Internet work: A step-by-step pictorial. https://www.hp.com/us-en/shop/tech-takes/how-does-the-internet- work#:~:text=It%20works%20by%20using%20a,where%20you're%20using%20 it. THANK YOU