Acme Module 2 To 4 PDF

MODULE 2 − the project team monitors project progress CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY and performance, and makes adjustments to the project plan as needed. AND MANAGEMENT...

MODULE 2 − the project team monitors project progress CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY and performance, and makes adjustments to the project plan as needed. AND MANAGEMENT 5. CLOSING PHASE WHAT IS A PROJECT? − the project is completed, and the project team conducts a final review to ensure that − has a definite BEGINNING and END. all project objectives have been met. produces a unique product, INITIATING PHASE UNIQUE service, or result Step 1: Develop a project charter a temporary endeavor and TEMPORARY temporary in nature Step 2: Identify scope and deliverables things are getting PROGRESSIVELY Step 3: Ballpark the high-level cost elaborated as time ELABORATED progresses Step 4: Conduct a feasibility study Step 5: Create a business case PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS Step 6: Identify stakeholders added deliverables Step 7: Develop a statement of work COST staffing & recruiting PLANNING PHASE CONSTRAINTS changes to materials prices delays on resources PROJECT MANAGEMENT PLAN – a formal underestimating task approved document that defines the overall plan for TIME how the project will be executed, monitored and duration CONSTRAINTS controlled. added deliverables from the client − Scope, schedule understaffing − Resource, communication SCOPE miscalculation of cost − Cost, quality CONSTRAINTS underestimating work − Risk, procurement required EXECUTING PHASE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE 1. create tasks and priorities 2. build project workflow − PROCESSES 3. brief and direct team members on tasks − PHASES 4. implement requirements on quality, costs, − "HOW" schedule, and communication 5. implement risk responses The project life cycle is the order of processes and 6. conduct procurement phases used in delivering projects. It describes the 7. manage stakeholders’ engagements high-level workflow of delivering a project and the steps you take to make things happen. MONITORING & CONTROLLING PHASE 1. INITIATING PHASE Tracking the progress of − the project is defined, and the objectives, PROGRESS various project tasks goals, and scope of the project are Measure budget, timeline established. PERFORMANCE and quality performance of 2. PLANNING PHASE the project − the project team develops a detailed project Conduct user reviews and plan, including a schedule, budget, and collect feedback, and take resource requirements. FEEDBACK any corrective actions 3. EXECUTING PHASE needed − the project plan is put into action, and the Track all changes to the actual work of the project begins. CHANGES project scope and report on 4. MONITORING AND CONTROLLING PHASE their impact to project goals.  Monitor overall project lifecycle; use a total quality performance and ensure all management approach OUTCOMES stakeholders and team are (TQM) to help reduce costs on the same page. in remedial work; minimize delays; maintain relationships with clients, CLOSING PHASE contractors, and staff. 1. Conduct a “End of Project” Review or Retrospective and to analyze project CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT KEY performance and a formal analysis of BENEFITS FOR ENGINEERS successes and failures. 2. Document project closure and provide reports 1. Improved project outcomes to key stakeholders. 2. Career advancement 3. Account used/ unused budget and release 3. Increased earning potential remaining resources for other projects. 4. Diversification of skills 5. Improved communication skills CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT 6. Regulatory compliance Construction management is a professional service CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PARTICIPANTS that provides a project’s owner(s) with effective management of the project's schedule, cost, conceives the Client/Owner/Developer quality, safety, scope, and function. construction project Consultants management experts Construction management works for all project management delivery methods. No matter the setting, a Construction Managers services Construction Manager’s (CMs) responsibility is to manage the cost and the owner and to a successful project. Quantity Surveyor resources CORE RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONSTRUCTION Contractor the builders MANAGERS Maintain awareness of all PRIMARY STAGES IN CONSTRUCTION costs associated with a COST project; budget PRE- Initiating MANAGEMENT management; anticipate CONSTRUCTION Planning any changes to project Executing CONSTRUCTION scope that could impact Monitoring and Controlling cost. POST- Closing Create contracts for CONSTRUCTION subcontractors and CONTRACT suppliers; manage PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE ADMINISTRATION payments to contractors; source materials and − any period of time during which design or suppliers. preparatory work is carried out for a project Ensure everyone on-site and may continue during the construction follows health and safety phase regulations; prepare health HEALTH AND STEP 1: FEASIBILITY STUDY and safety documentation; SAFETY implement suitable − Owner's Need Statement MANAGEMENT protocols for ongoing − Establishment of General Requirement practices and regular monitoring. STEP 2: PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS Deliver projects that meet clients' specifications; − Design-Build QUALITY ensure all work complies − General Contracting MANAGEMENT with quality standards; − Advisory Construction Management facilitate regular checks − Multi-Prime throughout the project − Integrated Project Delivery STEP 3: RECRUITING PROJECT TEAM − Shop Drawing Procedures − Submittals and Transmittals − Architects − Queries and Clarifications of the Plans − Engineers (CE, EE, ME, etc.) − Changes (due to different factors) − Construction Managers − Technical Coordination Meetings STEP 4: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT SITE EXECUTION OR IMPLEMENTATION − Detailed Requirements − Site Activities − Conceptual Design − Management of Cost and Schedule − Schematic Drawings − Regular Coordination Meetings − Design Development Plans − Site Monitoring and Maintenance STEP 5: PROCURING CONTRACTOR SERVICES QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY − Invitation to Bid ASSURANCE − Competitive Bidding or Negotiation − Plans and Specifications Compliance − Estimate Cost and Schedule − Site Inspection STEP 6: ASSIGNING CONTRACTOR − Material Testing − Visit and Inspection of Supplier Facilities − Evaluation of Bid Documents − Methodology Compliance − Awarding − Issuance of Notice to Proceed PROCUREMENT − Signing of Contract Agreement − Requirements based on Plans and STEP 7: ESSENTIAL TASKS Specifications − Outsource Market Options − Soil Testing − Bidding and Awarding of Suppliers − Submission of Plans to Municipalities − Implement and Integrate Vendor − Permit Acquisitions (LGU, DENR, tc.) Collaboration CONSTRUCTION PHASE SAFETY AND HEALTH − the period of time beginning when the − Site and Building Security construction work in a project starts and − Safety and Health Standards and Protocols ending when the construction work in the − Safety and First-Aid Personnel project is completed − Compliance to DOLE Requirements ISSUANCE OF FOR CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTATION DRAWINGS − Daily Logs of Activities − Architectural Plans − Progress Reports − Structural Plans − Testing Reports − Electrical Plans − Financial Documents − Mechanical Plans − Emails and Letters − Plumbing Plans − All Design and Construction Files − Fire Protection Plans − Specifications MONITORING AND CONTROLLING − Others − Validate and Control Scope PROJECT START-UP AND MOBILIZATION − Control Cost, Schedule, Quality, and Procurements − Project Execution Plan − Monitor Communications, Risks, and − Quality Control and Quality Assurance Stakeholders Engagement Program − Mobilization of Equipment POST-CONSTRUCTION PHASE − Temporary Site Facilities − the period of time spanning from when DESIGN physical construction ends until project turnover to the owner takes place any period  of time during which design or preparatory work is carried out for a project and may continue during the construction phase KEY ACTIONS TO FACILITATE A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT CLOSE OUT: − Standardized checklist of closeout steps and tasks − Reconcile change orders, back charges, retentions, final payments, etc. − Preserve and compile project records and files − Review warranties − Deliver as-built drawings, operation and maintenance manuals, and warranties to owner − Systematically demobilize project staff, facilities and equipment − Perform pre-punch list, punch list, and final inspection with Owner's Representative/s − Prepare Certificate of Completion − Submit request for final payment and close project cost accounts − Turnover to Owner  MODULE 3 of trees and other vegetation, BUILDING SITEWORKS AND this layer contains more moisture than that underneath. SUBSTRUCTURE Earth excavation is removal of the layer of soil immediately CONTENTS under the topsoil and on top of 1. Site Temporary Works rock. Used to construct EARTH 2. Excavation embankments and EXCAVATION 3. Foundation foundations, earth usually is 4. Sheet Piling easy to move with scrapers or 5. Diaphragm Wall other types of earthmoving 6. Underpinning equipment. Muck excavation is removal of SITE TEMPORARY WORKS material that contains an Those parts of the works that allow or enable excessive amount of water and MUCK construction of, protect, support or provide access to undesirable soil. Its EXCAVATION the permanent works and which might or might not consistency is determined by remain in place at the completion of the works. the percentage of water contained. Earthworks Unclassified excavation is removal of any combination of − trenches, excavations, temporary slopes and topsoil, earth, rock, and muck. stockpiles. Contracting agencies UNCLASSIFIED Structures frequently use this EXCAVATION classification. It means that − formwork, falsework, propping, façade retention, earthmoving must be done needling, shoring, edge protection, scaffolding, without regard to the materials temporary bridges, site hoarding and signage, encountered. site fencing, cofferdams. Equipment/ Plant Foundations EXCAVATION ALSO MAY BE CLASSIFIED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PURPOSE OF THE − tower crane bases, supports, anchors and ties WORK for construction hoists and mast climbing work platforms (MCWPs), groundworks to provide − Stripping suitable locations for plant erection, e.g., mobile − Roadway Excavation cranes and piling rigs. − Drainage or Structure Excavation EXCAVATION − Bridge Excavation − Channel Excavation PROCESS IN EXCAVATION WORKS − Footing Excavation − Borrow Excavation − setting corner benchmarks − Dredge Excavation − surveying ground and top levels − excavation to the approved depth FOUNDATION − dressing the loose soil − marking up the cut off level − In construction, foundations are generally known − the construction of dewatering wells and as the structures below a building's columns. interconnecting trenches They are responsible for ensuring the stability of their structures by transferring its weight to the − marking the boundaries of the building ground. − the construction of protection drains − Foundations are usually built with conventional TYPES OF EXCAVATION construction materials, such as concrete, stone, Topsoil excavation is removal and steel. of the exposed layer of the − Foundation is the lowest part of the building or TOPSOIL the civil structure that is indirect contact with the earth's surface, including EXCAVATION soil which transfers loads from the structure to vegetation. Since the topsoil, or mantle soil, supports growth the soil safely. DECIDING FACTORS IN FOUNDATION DESIGN DEEP Pile Foundations FOUNDATION Drilled Shafts − The area, where the construction site is and how much of it will be disturbed during construction, − The soil, referring to its type and properties. This SHALLOW FOUNDATION is done through a soil investigation process. the most basic type of shallow − The estimated weight or load of the building to foundation. Basically, the be constructed. foundation is built for a single ISOLATED column, which has its own WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION? FOOTING square pad or footing to sit on. − Foundation is the main reason behind the The size of the column is stability of any structure. The stronger is the calculated based on its load and foundation, more stable is the structure. the soil's safe bearing capacity. − The proper design and construction of used to provide a continuous, foundations provide a proper surface for the level (or sometimes stepped) development of the substructure in a proper level STRIP strip of support to a linear and over a firm bed. FOUNDATION structure such as a wall or − Specially designed foundation helps in avoiding closely spaced rows of columns the lateral movements of the supporting material. built centrally above them. these are constructed for two or − A proper foundation distributes load on to the more columns when they are surface of the bed uniformly. This uniform transfer helps in avoiding unequal settlement of close to each other, and their the building. Differential settlement is an foundations overlap. the function of a footing or a undesirable building effect. foundation is to transmit the load − The foundation serves the purpose of completely COMBINED from the structure to the distributing the load from the structure over a FOOTING underlying soil. The choice of large base area and then to the soil underneath. suitable type of footing depends This load transferred to the soil should be within on the depth at which the the allowable bearing capacity of the soil. bearing strata lies, the soil REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION condition and the type of superstructure. − The design and the construction of the type of shallow foundation where foundation is done such that it can sustain as RAFT/MAT a concrete slab is spread over a well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads FOOTING large area to support the walls to the soil. This transfer must be carried out and columns above it. without resulting in any form of settlement that can result in any form of stability issues for the structure. DEEP FOUNDATION − Differential settlements can be avoided by use ground-drilled cylinders to having a rigid base for the foundation. These support the structures built on issues are more pronounced in areas where the top of it. Piles can either be PILE superimposed loads are not uniform in nature. timber, concrete, or steel. The FOUNDATIONS − Based on the soil and area it is recommended type of pile foundation to use to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard will depend on the quality of any form of damage or distress. These are soil underneath. mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage a popular deep foundation type and swelling because of temperature changes. that is used for most large- − The location of the foundation chosen must be scale projects. It consists of DRILLED an area that is not affected or influenced by drilling cylindrical shafts into SHAFTS future works or factors. the ground and filling them with concrete to help resist the TYPES OF FOUNDATION overall load of a building. Isolated Footing SHALLOW Strip Footing FOUNDATION Combined Footing Raft/Mat Footing SHEET PILING walls can be constructed to depths of 150 meters and to widths of 0.5 to 1.50 meters. Sheet piling is an earth retention and excavation support technique that retains soil, using sheet Diaphragm wall construction methods are relatively sections with interlocking edges. Sheet piles are quiet and cause little or no vibration. Therefore, installed in sequence to design depth along the they are especially suitable for civil engineering planned excavation perimeter or seawall alignment. projects in densely populated inner-city areas. Sheet pile act as a temporary supportive wall that Due to their ability to keep deformation low and been driven into a slope or excavation to support the provide low water permeability, diaphragm walls are soft soils collapse from higher ground to lower also used to retain excavation pits in the direct ground. vicinity of existing structures. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM WALL a. Dredge the situ soil in front and back of the Depending on the use of construction materials: proposed structure. b. Drive the sheet piles. a) Rigid Type − Reinforced cement concrete ADVANTAGES TO SHEET PILES b) Flexible Type − Plastic concrete, − Sheet piles are recyclable and reusable. − Cement bentonite slurry trench, and − Piles can come in a wide range of lengths, size, − Earth backfilled slurry trench and steel options. − They can be used for temporary and permanent Depending on the function: structures. − They can be installed using silent and vibration- a) Structural Diaphragm Walls free methods. − used as retaining walls for the perimeter walls of − The work is neat, clean, and creates no spoil deep basements and underground parking arisings. The supervision of work on-site can be facilities, subways, underpasses, etc reduced, and minimal storage space is required. b) Load Bearing Walls − used in place of drilled piers in foundation of tall PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT buildings, bridge piers, etc. It composed of a series of leaders, c) Cut-off Walls PILING which are consist of tubular element − in hydraulic structures, diaphragm walls are used RIGS or hard box, placed and fixed on a as impermeable cutoffs to prevent seepage crane base below earth dams, weirs, and sleeve Piling hammers are excavator- mounted, hydraulic impact-type RETAINING WALL PILING hammers for driving load-bearing SELECTION OF TYPES OF DIAPHRAGM WALL HAMMER piles or assisting in sheet pile driving in even the most difficult soil Depends upon several factors such as: conditions. a) Site conditions It is placed between pile top and the b) Heterogeneity/perviousness of subsurface data helmet in order to protect the former c) Geological features from the hammer blow. Different PACKING d) Depth of overburden features types of packing include paper e) Anticipated stress and deformations due to sacking, thin timber sheet, coconut embankment construction and reservoir loading mapping, and sawdust in bags. conditions f) Availability of construction materials DIAPHRAGM WALL g) Techno-economic considerations Diaphragm walls are concrete or reinforced MATERIALS USED FOR DIAPHRAGM WALL concrete walls constructed in slurry-supported, a) Ordinary Portland Cement open trenches below existing ground. b) Aggregate: Coarse aggregate of size 20mm Concrete is placed using the Tremie installation c) Sand: Well graded sand consisting of 50% method or by installing pre-cast concrete panels coarse sand 4) Water: Clean water free from (known as a pre-cast diaphragm wall). Diaphragm impurities d) Admixtures: if required chemical admixtures progressed because the mass shall be used as per IS 456:1978 concrete method couldn't e) Reinforcement: Mild Steel bars work well for a huge depth of f) Bentonite: bentonite used shall conform to IS foundation. 12584:1989 In this method, piles are g) Clay: Clay shall conform to IS1498:1970 driven on adjacent sides of h) Concrete Mix: For plastic concrete diaphragm PILE METHOD the wall that supports the wall, the water cement ratio shall not be greater OF weak foundation. A needle or than 0.5. UNDERPINNING pin penetrates through the wall that is in turn connected GENERAL PROCEDURE OF CONSTRUCTION to the piles − The excavation is carried out using a heavy self- PRE-TEST guided mechanical grab suspended from a large METHOD OF crawler crane. UNDERPINNING − The diaphragm walls were excavated and constructed in discrete panels of between 2.8m ADVANCE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES and 7.0m lengths, with a depth reaching 30m. − As the excavation proceeds, support fluid was Step 1: Shore existing construction, excavate added into the excavation to maintain the approach pit, and expose existing timber piles. stability of the surrounding ground and to prevent Remove top portion of the piles and cut piles at new a collapse. This fluid is called "Bentonite". Which cut-off elevation. is a poser made of a special type of soluble clay and is mixed at the mixing plant with potable Step 2: Install steel plates, dry pack, and wedging water. strut. Transfer load into pile by means of steel wedges. UNDERPINNING Step 3: Placement of concrete encasement, backfill Underpinning is a method for repair and approach pit. strengthening of building foundations. Underpinning methods, procedures and their applications in strengthening of different types of PROCEDURE foundations is discussed in this article. Step 1: Construct temporary foundations. METHODS OF UNDERPINNING Step 2: Dig a pit. Mass concrete underpinning method is the traditional Step 3: Fill with concrete. MASS method of underpinning, as it CONCRETE Step 4: Remove temporary foundations. has been followed by UNDERPINNING centuries. The method The concrete acts as the new, enlarged, and METHOD (PIT involves extending the old improved foundation. METHOD) foundation till it reaches a stable stratum. This figure represents the arrangement of cantilever pit method of underpinning, UNDERPINNING which is an extension of pit BY method. If the foundation CANTILEVER must be extended only to one NEEDLE BEAM side and the plan possess a METHOD stronger interior column, this method can be used for underpinning. PIER AND It is also termed as base and BEAM beam method which was UNDERPINNING implemented after the second METHOD world war. This method  MODULE 4 − Rebars are used to improve the tensile strength BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURE of the concrete, since concrete is very weak in tension, but is strong in compression. CONTENTS − It helps to minimize or avoid cracks in concreted structures. 1. Rebar Works 2. Formworks REBAR GRADES 3. Concrete Works 4. Scaffolding Erection 5. Tower Crane Erection 6. Wall Construction SUBSTRUCTURE VS. SUPERSTRUCTURE The two major components of buildings are the substructure and superstructure. The substructure is REBAR SIZES the part of the building that is underneath the ground, while the superstructure is everything that is above ground. REBAR TYPES 1. Deformed Steel Bar 2. Mild Steel Bar 3. European Rebar 4. Carbon Steel Rebar 5. Epoxy-Coated Rebar 6. Galvanized Rebar 7. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) 8. Stainless Steel Rebar DEFORMED STEEL BARS − Deformed steel bars have ribs, lugs and indentation on the surface of the bar, which reduces the major problem that is faced by mild steel bar due to slippage and good bonding is achieved between concrete and rebar. REBAR WORKS − The tensile properties are higher compared to other rebars. These bars are produced in REBAR sections from 6 mm to 50 mm dia. − Rebar is short for reinforcing bar. HOW TO READ REBAR MARKINGS − Known as reinforcement steel or reinforcing steel. − The steel bar used in concrete construction. − Cylindrical shaped steel bars with uniformly spaced protrusions called lugs or deformations. − They are hot-rolled from semi-finished steel called billets. − These are required to contain some sort of identification that can be used to identify the mill that produced the reinforcing steel bar. − By adding these reinforcing steel bars, you're creating reinforced concrete. FORMWORKS − The formwork base or soffit must be capable of resisting the initial dead load of the wet concrete − It is the term used for the process of creating a and the dead load of the dry set concrete. temporary mould into which concrete is poured − Once the concrete has gained sufficient strength and formed. the formwork can be stripped. High quality − A mold such as scaffolding, shuttering, workmanship and inspection are necessary to falsework, or open-box containers in which fresh ensure a high standard and appearance of the concrete is poured and compacted. resulting concrete structure. − Traditional formwork is fabricated using timber, − Both shuttering and formwork in its various forms but it can also be constructed from steel, glass will be supported by falsework. fiber reinforced plastics and other materials. − It must be capable of carrying all dead and live TYPES OF FORMWORKS weights other than its own weight. a. Traditional Timber Formwork − Can be classified into wall, beam, column or b. Engineered Formwork System foundation formwork. c. Re-usable Plastic Formwork DIFFERENCES BETWEEN.... TRADITIONAL TIMBER FORMWORK It is a temporary structure which is used as a mould to This type of formwork is made from timber and pour the concrete. It is a plywood. While it is easy to produce, it has a short FORMWORK vertical or horizontal lifespan, and the process is time-consuming so it's arrangement made to keep not suitable for large structures. Despite this, timber concrete in position until it formwork is extremely flexible and is ideal to use in gains strength and shape. complicated sections of construction. A temporary vertical arrangement and part of a. Timber Formwork - well-seasoned, light in SHUTTERING weight, easily workable with nails without formwork to support the vertical formworks maintain the desired splitting, free from loose knots shape. b. Plywood Formwork - not smooth finished, A temporary vertical possible to save cost using large-sized panels, arrangement and part of and can be re-use up to 20 to 25 times CENTERING formwork to support the ENGINEERED FORMWORK SYSTEM horizontal members. A temporary member which is This is an evolved type of formwork that is made used to support formwork from prefabricated modules with metal frames, either for centering or typically steel or aluminum. Compared with STAGING shuttering. It is done by props, traditional timber formwork, this type of formwork is jack, H-frames, cup lock much faster to construct (using pins, clips, and system, wooden ballies, screws) and is considerably cheaper because it can etc. be reused thousands of times before it needs to be Formwork is arranged to replaced. support the structural a. Steel and Aluminum Formwork - consists of members, whereas scaffolding panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened is provided as a worker's along the edges by small steel angles. The panel SCAFFOLDING platforms around the building units can be held together using suitable clamps to work at heights. Scaffolding or bolts and nuts. is a − stronger, durable, and have a longer life than movable/fixed platform. timber formwork and their reuses are more in number FORMWORK SPECIFICATIONS − can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed − Consideration of type of concrete and − the quality of exposed concrete surface by temperature. using steel forms is good and such surfaces − Sides of the formworks must be capable in need no further treatment resisting hydrostatic pressure of the wet − does not absorb moisture from concrete and concrete. does not shrink or wrap RE-USEABLE PLASTIC FORMWORK − Concrete can be used in pavements, architectural structures, foundations, This type of formwork uses interlocking and modular motorways, roads and bridges, overpasses, systems that are used to build highly variable but parking structures, walls and footings for gates, simple structures. Using extremely lightweight and fences and poles, etc. robust panels, this formwork is particularly suitable for similar structure projects such as mass housing ACI METHOD OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN schemes. − Sieve analyses of fine and coarse aggregates. a. Plastic Formwork - assembled from − Unit weight (dry rodded density) of coarse interlocking panels or modular systems, made of aggregate. lightweight and robust plastic − Bulk specific gravities and absorptions or − works best in small projects consisting of moisture content of aggregates. repetitive tasks, such as low-cost housing − Mixing-water requirements of concrete estates developed from experience with available − light and can be cleaned with water, while aggregates. being suitable for large sections and multiple − Specific gravities of Portland cement and other reuses cementitious materials, if used. − main drawback is having less flexibility than − Relationships between strength and water- timber, since many components are cement ratio or ratio of water-to-cement plus prefabricated other cementitious materials, for available PERMANENT INSULATED FORMWORK combinations of cements, other cementitious materials if considered, and aggregates. − Insulating concrete forms (ICF) are the most MIXING OF CONCRETE common type of permanent insulated formwork, where concrete structures are insulated with The process of mixing concrete for construction is polystyrene boards that stay in place after done in two different ways - either mixing on the job concrete has cured. site or by ready mixed concrete. − This is one of the most advanced formwork systems, offering permanent insulation. It may METHODS FOR CONCRETE WORKS also include thermal, acoustic, fire-resistance Prior to the placing of any concrete or concrete and rodent-resistance properties. pouring, all quality checks are to be completed and − Permanent insulated formwork offers energy the "approval to concrete" instruction shall be issued efficiency and sustainability, contributing to a by the client or consultant. lower environmental impact from the building sector. a. Direct (or chute) Discharge b. Crane and Bucket CONCRETE WORKS c. Concrete Pump CONCRETE The method to be used shall depend on site − Concrete is an artificial stone as a result of conditions and estimated volume to be poured. The mixing cement, fine aggregate, coarse concrete shall be placed in accordance with the aggregate and water. specification for concrete cast in place. − Concrete is a vital element and a vitally important A concrete chute is a long metal thing that is used in several individual and trough with rounded bottom and commercial buildings. open ends used for conveying − It solidifies and hardens after mixing with water concrete to a lower elevation. A and placement due to a chemical process known chute is adapted for transporting as hydration. DIRECT (OR concrete from ground level to the − It binds other building materials together. CHUTE) lower level. It is used when the − The conglomeration of these materials DISCHARGE labour can't reach the place of producing a solid mass is called Plain Concrete. concrete due to the less space − Concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in like trenches. The surface should a manner that the two materials act together in have some slope not flatter than I resisting forces is called Reinforcement vertical to 2.5 horizontal. Concrete Concrete. may get slightly compact mass  without any separation or method applies when the segregation. concrete is thinner. A tower crane bucket and Wet curing is a method of ropeway are the methods for maintaining the surface moisture transporting concrete above the level by placing materials like ground level. Crane is used for hessian. Use of gunnery bae is transporting concrete horizontally also common. These covering as well as vertically and also in an shall place on the concrete WET inclined way so that it is also surface when it hardens enough COVERING called two- or three- dimensional to work to please covers. Further, CRANE AND transport. It is a familiar way in the drying of the concrete surface BUCKET medium and large sites in high shall not be allowed due to any rise construction projects. In this reason. Vertical surfaces in method transportation of concrete concrete columns, walls, etc. can is fast and the placement of cure with this method. concrete takes place at the Formwork is the most effective particular point. Crane consists of curing agent in the construction. skips or buckets for containing Especially in thick concretes concrete. where the hydration temperature A concrete pump is a tool for FORMWORK is high, this method is used. conveying liquid concrete. The CURING Further, not cost involved as the pump works by one piston cost is already covered under the drawing liquid concrete into a formwork. The only concern is cylinder from a hopper while the keeping the formwork a bit longer other one simultaneously pushes than usual. its concrete out into the discharge A membrane is formed on the pipes. A valve which determines concrete surface to avoid the which cylinder is open to the evaporation of the moisture in the CONCRETE concrete hopper and which one is concrete. Liquid form material is PUMPS open to the discharge pipes sprayed over the concrete switches over each time the MEMBRANE surface, and it solidifies and forms pistons reach the end point, and CURING a membrane. These materials the process continues with the can apply with brushed or roller. first cylinder now discharging and There are two types of the second drawing fresh membranes. concrete from the hopper. − Water-based Commonly used in the − Oil-based construction of large high-rise There are two types of the sheet buildings. used for curing: − Polythene Sheet CONCRETE CURING − Plastic Sheet − Curing Blankets Curing of concrete is one of the most important SHEET Both the type of the sheet are factors in concrete construction as it is related to CURING sued to cure the flat surfaces properties such as characteristic strength, usually. Polythene sheets are permeability, durability, etc. Further, it is required to sued to cover the concrete slabs do the curing at the right time and a sufficient period and columns. The sheet can be of curing is very important to achieve the exact placed on the slab just after it gets properties of concrete. hardened. Concrete is allowed to cure DIFFERENT METHODS OF CONCRETE NATURAL naturally without covering CURING CURING anything. The application of the water is WATER done to avoid the drying of the CURING concrete surface. Usually, this SCAFFOLDING ERECTION scaffoldings are used under conditions such as: SCAFFOLDING 1. When the ground does not Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the have the capacity to support original structure as well as workmen used it as a standards, platform to carry on the construction works. Types of 2. When the ground near the wall scaffolding varies with the type of construction work. is to be free from traffic, Scaffolding is made up of timber or steel. It should 3. When upper part of the wall is be stable and strong to support workmen and other under construction. construction material placed on it. In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended TYPES OF SCAFFOLDINGS USED IN from roofs with the help of wire CONSTRUCTION Suspended ropes or chains etc., it can be Single scaffolding is generally used Scaffolding raised or lowered to our required for brick masonry and is also called level. This type of scaffolding is as brick layer's scaffolding. Single used for repair works, pointing, scaffolding consists of standards, paintings etc. ledgers, putlogs etc., which is In Trestle scaffolding, the working parallel to the wall at a distance of platform is supported on movable Single about 1.2 m. Distance between the Trestle tripods or ladders. This is generally Scaffolding standards is about 2 to 2.5 m. Scaffolding used for work inside the room, such Ledgers connect the standards at as paintings, repairs etc., up to a vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m. height of 5m. Putlogs are taken out from the hole Steel scaffolding is constructed by left in the wall to one end of the steel tubes which are fixed together ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an by steel couplers or fittings. It is interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m. very easy to construct or dismantle. Double Scaffolding is generally Steel It has greater strength, greater used for stone masonry so, it is also Scaffolding durability and higher fire called as mason's scaffolding. In resistance. It is not economical but stone walls, it is hard to make holes will give more safety for workers. in the wall to support putlogs. So, So, it is used extensively two rows of scaffolding are nowadays. constructed to make it strong. The Patented scaffoldings are made up Double first row is 20 -30 cm away from the of steel, but these are equipped Scaffolding wall and the other one is 1m away with special couplings and frames from the first row. Then putlogs are etc., these are readymade placed which are supported by both Patented scaffoldings which are available in frames. To make it stronger rakers Scaffolding the market. In this type of and cross braces are provided. scaffolding working platform is This is also called as independent arranged on brackets which can be scaffolding. adjustable to our required level. This is a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on series of needles and these WHY SCAFFOLDING IS IMPORTANT IN needles are taken out through CONSTRUCTION? holes in the wall. This is called − Efficient single frame type scaffolding. In the Cantilever other type needles are strutted − Ensure Safety Scaffolding − Easy to Access inside the floors through the openings and this is called − Prime Position for Workers independent or double frame type scaffolding. Care should be taken while construction of cantilever scaffolding. Generally, cantilever TOWER CRANE ERECTION WALL CONSTRUCTION TOWER CRANE WALL CONSTRUCTION Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane − A construction wall is a structural element that that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the divides a space (room) into two spaces (rooms) ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached as well as providing safety and shelter. to the sides of structures), tower cranes often give − In general, walls are classified into two types: the best combination of height and lifting capacity outer walls and inner walls. and are used in the construction of tall buildings. − Outer walls provide a shelter for the house, while inner walls help to divide the enclosure into A tower crane will perform hundreds of lifts over the the required number of rooms. course of a construction project, moving heavy materials like steel and concrete into place for − Inner walls are also referred to as partition walls construction workers assembling a building. or interior walls, while outer walls are referred to as exterior walls. TYPES OF TOWER CRANES BUILDING WALL Hammerhead Tower Crane is used to lift effortlessly heavy − The purposes of walls in buildings are to support loads. A hammerhead tower roofs, floors and ceilings; to enclose a space as crane is one of the most part of the building envelope along with a roof to common types of cranes used give buildings form; and to provide shelter and around the world. They are security. especially reliable for precise, − In addition, the wall may house various types of HAMMERHEAD accurate handling of a wide utilities such as electrical wiring or plumbing. CRANES variety of heavy materials. To − Wall construction falls into two basic categories: operate a machine a qualified framed walls or mass-walls. person is required who has − In framed walls, the load is transferred to the much knowledge in operating. foundation through posts, columns or studs. since many accidents happens Framed walls most often have three or more around crane lifting because of separate components: the structural elements improper action. (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, A luffing tower crane is ideal for and finish elements or surfaces (such as drywall building projects where there's or panelling). not much space on either side − Mass-walls are of a solid material including of the site and you need to masonry, concrete including slipform work safely. A luffing crane is stonemasonry, log building, cordwood able to raise or lower its jib, and construction, adobe, rammed earth, cob, LUFFING that allows it to reduce the earthbag construction, bottles, tin cans, straw- TOWER slewing radius. A luffing crane bale construction, and ice. CRANES is also a good choice for work sites where two or more cranes TYPES OF WALLS IN CONSTRUCTION are working at the same time. It is carrying loads imposed on it, This is because the slewing including its own weight, from radius is highly reduced in above beams and slabs, and comparison to standard tower transferred to the foundation. crane types. These walls support structural A Self Erecting Tower Crane elements such as beams, columns, (SETC) is a Tower Crane that and walls above. It can be an can be easily inserted on a site LOAD exterior wall or an interior wall. SELF- with restricted space in a short BEARING From the roof, it braces to the floor. ERECTING period of time. These cranes WALL As the building's height increases, TOWER operate from a fixed position the necessary wall thickness and CRANES and must be safely placed on resulting stress on the foundation site by qualified field engineers will also increase and make it familiar with the mechanisms uneconomical. Also, it can carry that they are using. other structure weight besides its own weight. To remove a load-  bearing wall, a new beam and for the esthetics of both internal columns must be added to support and external structures. a higher floor. Masonry veneer walls are non- Types of Load Bearing Wall: structural masonry a. Precast Concrete Wall walls made of brick, stone, or VENEERED b. Retaining Wall manufactured stone. WALLS c. Masonry Wall It is known as anchored veneer d. Pre-Panelized Load Bearing because it has an air space behind Metal Stud Walls Engineering it. Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm) Another type of wall design is the e. Stone Wall use of tiles on the walls. Although Non-load walls only carry their own this type of wall finish is typically weight and do not support any found in bathrooms or kitchens, it structural members, such as can also be found in bedrooms. TILED beams and slabs. These walls only They are visually appealing and WALLS NON-LOAD are used for partition walls or to add a modern touch to any room, BEARING separate rooms from the outside. including the bedroom. You can WALL Types of Non-Load Bearing Wall: experiment with this type of wall a. Hollow Concrete Block finish by using a mosaic design on b. Façade Bricks one side of the wall and painting c. Hollow Bricks the rest of the bedroom walls. d. Brick Wall (115mm, 225mm) Shear walls are a framed walls to resist lateral forces. The horizontal force resistance system is a vertical element. It is used to resist the load of construction by the wind and earthquake. Shear wall, In a building, a rigid vertical diaphragm is capable of transmitting lateral forces from the exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground floor SHEAR in a direction parallel to their WALLS planes. Examples are a reinforced concrete wall or a vertical truss. Shear walls are harshly important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces. Generally, shear walls are either flat or flanged in a section, whereas core walls consist of channel sections. They also have adequate strength and stiffness to manage lateral displacements. The partition wall is an interior non- load bearing wall to divide the larger space into smaller spaces. PARTITION The heights of a partition wall WALL depend on the use which may be one storey or part of one storey. These walls are made up of glass, fiberboards, or brick masonry. The panel wall is usually made of PANEL wood and is an external non-load WALL wall in a framed building. It is used