Age of Exploration (East Meets West) PDF

1 HISTORY 3 MIDTERMHANDOUTS AGE OF EXPLORATION (EAST MEETS WEST) Gold, Glory and Gospel – main goal of the Europeans Spices – indigenous plant in S.E.A, such like pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon etc. Spain and Portugal – the 2 Iberian super p...

1 HISTORY 3 MIDTERMHANDOUTS AGE OF EXPLORATION (EAST MEETS WEST) Gold, Glory and Gospel – main goal of the Europeans Spices – indigenous plant in S.E.A, such like pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon etc. Spain and Portugal – the 2 Iberian super powers led the exploration Reconquista- to destroy Islam and convert the people to Christianity. PORTUGAL Prince Henry- known as the navigator headed the Portuguese exploration and the first to use seamanship navigation. Bartolommeo Dias- 1487, he was commissioned to contact Peter John (Christian Priest in Africa), but storm blew him not knowing that he rounded the tip of Africa known as the Cape of Good Hope. Vasco Da Gamma- reached Calicut, India Alfonso De Albuquerque- known as the architect of Portuguese empire. SPAIN Christopher Columbus – he was from Genoa, Italy and married a Portuguese woman. He was an unknown sailor who proposed the king of Portugal to sail using westward going to the east but he failed. Thus, he crossed to Spain. Capitulaciones de Santa Fe – it was contract signed by Columbus and Queen Isabel on April 17, 1492 wherein Columbus promised to discover a new route to eastern mainland using the west direction. On Aug. 3, 1492, Columbus sailed together with 3 ships. His expedition led to the discovery of the new world now known as America, named after Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer. Juan Ponce Deleon – discovered Puerto Rico in 1512 Vasco Balboa – discovered the Pacific Ocean Pope Alexander VI – issued a Papal Bull or Inter Caetera to mediate the conflict between Spain and Portugal. Thus, giving the Spain the right over any land they newly discovered equivalent to Portugal territories. Treaty of Tordesillas – in 1494, Spain and Portugal divided the world into 2 sphere by drawn an imaginary or demarcation line from north to south pole with 370 leagues, which east belongs to Portugal sphere of influence and west to Spain. Ferdinand Magellan – born in Portugal City of Praga, which was soon eclipsed by Lisbon, the best port in Portugal. In 1518, he convinced Charles V of Spain that he could find a shorter way to Maluko by sailing westward. On March 22, 1519, the king signed the capitulaciones for an expedition to the east using western route. Magellan was granted of 10 years monopoly of discovering islands. He left on Sept. 19, 1519 from San Lucar together with 5 ships and 250 men. The 5 ships are San Antonio, Trinidad, Concepcion, Victoria and Santiago. Oct. 21, 1520 – discovered the tip of Latin America known as Magellan Strait. March 6, 1521– landed at island known as Las Islas De Ladrones. March 18, 1521– landed at Homonhon, Leyte March 25, 1521– he proceeds to Masao, Butuan and conducted a blood compact with Raja Kolambo March 31, 1521– The first mass took place at Masao, Butuan. April 7, 1521– he moved to Cebu and conducted a blood compact with Homabon. April 27, 1521 – Battle of Mactan took place Sept. 22, 1522 – Victoria, the only ship from Magellan expedition made it to return back to Spain headed by Sebastian Del Cano with other 18 survivors. Enrique – a Malay slave of Magellan who served as the interpreter of Magellan to the natives. Antonio Pigafetta – the chronicler of Magellan expedition.  2 Legazpi–Urdaneta Expedition – headed by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi and Fr. Andres de Urdaneta with 4 vessels and 350 men. The expedition landed at Cebu in 1565 and conducted a blood compact with Si Katunaw at Gala of Bohol. Ciudad Del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus – the first Spanish settlement and city in the country established by Legazpi. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – he was granted as Adelantado de Felipinas by King Philip of Spain because of his successful colonizataion in the country. On August 20, 1572, he died at heart attack. His campaigned was continued by his grandson Juan de Salcedo and Martin de Goite. Spanish objectives in Moro Land: Political 1. To neutralized the Moros from Spanish-Bornean conflict 2. To neutralized the Moros from Spanish-Portuguese conflict 3. To raise Spanish flag in Moro territories 4. To acknowledge Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines. 5. To free and release captives or prisoners taken by the Moros Economic 1. To determine the mineral and natural resources of Mindanao and Sulu 2. To determine where the Moros mining their gold 3. To determine where the Moros harvesting their cinnamon and other spices. 4. To buy pearl from the Moros 5. To conduct traded directly with the Moros 6. To determine the harvesting season of the Moros in order to destroy their source of income. Religious 1. To Hispanized the Moros 2. To Christianized the Moros 3. To stop Muslim preachers in preaching Islam and allows Spanish priest to preach Christianity 4. To burn down all religious buildings including the copies of Qur’an. 5. To tell the Moros that the doctrine of Mahomma is false and evil and that of Christian alone is true and good. THE MORO WARS The MORO WARS refers to the numerous Spanish expeditions to Muslim lands in the Philippines, the frequent Moro raids on Spanish-held territories and the naval battle that took place between the Spaniards and the Muslims from about the time of Legazpi’s arrival in 1565 to the last days of Spanish rule in the Philippines. FIRST STAGE (1565-1578) “Brunei Cut Off”  Represented a struggle between Spain and Brunei for political and commercial supremacy in the Philippine archipelago  Spaniards conquered Manila ruled by Bornean aristocracy and eliminated Bornean trade from the Visayas and northern Mindanao. 1565 – Spaniards captured a Bornean trading vessel in the vicinity of Bohol 1569 – Nine Spanish vessels successfully engaged twenty vessels manned by Borneans and Sulu Muslims in Visayan waters  3 Pangiran Sri Lela – came to Manila to solicit help from the Spaniards - wanted the Brunei throne which he claimed was usurped by his brother 1578 – To ensure the Spanish hold on conquered territories in the Philippines, the Spaniards decided to interfere in the Brunei dynastic quarrels and invaded Brunei and forced Sultan Self ur-Rijal to flee. April 20, 1578 – Governor Francisco de Sande declared Brunei a vassal state of Spain. SECOND STAGE (1578-1597) “Spanish to Establish Colony in Mindanao”  It was marked by Spanish attempts at establishing a colony in Mindanao, reducing the Muslim rulers there and in Sulu to vassalage, and expelling foreign preachers of Islam while encouraging the introduction of Christian missionaries. 1578 – Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa went to Jolo then proceeded to the Pulangi River in Mindanao but was not able to contact the Maguindanao chiefs because of insufficient provisions and strong river currents. March 13, 1579 – Captain Gabriel de Rivera arrived at the Pulangi but failed to contact Datu Dimasankay April 20, 1596 – Figueroa reached Maguindanao but was struck in the head by a kampilan 1597 – Juan Ronquillo was sent to the Spanish forty established in Tampakan but was eventually forced to abandon the fort because of the following reasons: 1. Difficulties in communication 2. Inadequate supplies 3. Constant loss of his men THIRD STAGE (1599-1635) “Retaliatory of the Moros”  It witnessed the retaliatory actions of the Moros.  The Moros decided to start counter-offensive attacks on Spanish-held territories in eastern Visayas and some parts of Luzon; they took advantage of the threat posed by the Dutch.  The Ternate aided the Maguindanao against the Spaniards. 1599 – Maguindanao and Buayan raids in the coastal towns of Panay, Negros and Cebu. Juan Gallinato – attacked Jolo in 1602 to counteract Moro Raids. October 29, 1603 – Datu Buisan attacked the town of Leyte, burned the church, took captives, amassed a large booty, sailed away to destroy other nearby ports, then returned and entered into a blood compact with the Leyte datus. The blood compact would signify the recognition of the Leyte datus and Buisan of a common racial beginning or cultural history and a common enemy, the Spaniards. 1606 – Sultan Said din Berkat of Ternate was captured by the Spaniards and was brought to Manila as a prisoner. Prior to Dutch demand for slaves, captives taken functioned as: 1. Rowers of the Caracoas - This Function was given to captives in order to free the fighting men during naval encounters 2. Household retainer’s 3.Agricultural workers - To enable the datus and other freemen to dedicate themselves to training Captives were taken to: 1. Weaken inhabitants of Spanish-held territories fighting the Muslims 2. Provide income to Moro raiders  4 3. Strengthen the war machine of the Moros 4. Increase agricultural production  Other Captives, like Spanish officials, priests, native chieftains or men of Importance were freed upon payment of huge ransoms.  Muslim chiefs sometimes sold slaves to each other but once captives became Muslims, they were not sold any more but retained as warriors or followers and were utilized to bring in more prisoners.  Although Muslims would kill each other in battles, making slaves of their fellow Muslims was not generally practiced. That is the reason why pagans and Christianized natives were the usual prey or target in the drive for slaves. 1627– Rajah Bongsu headed the attack on the new shipyard in Camarines; the Moros were able to capture guns and ammunitions, iron and brass places, burned the dockyard and ships, threw great amount of rice into the sea, brought with them 300 captives including a Spanish lady, named Doña Lucia. FOURTH STAGE (1635-1663) “Abandonment of Spanish Fort in Zamboanga”  The Spaniards decided to conquer the Sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu April 6, 1635- 300 hundred Spaniards landed in Zamboanga and set up camp March 13, 1637 – Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera landed in Lamitan and succeeded in the seat of the famous Maguindanao Sultanate (Sultan Qudarat). Jan. 5, 1638 – Curcuera landed in Jolo and succeeded in establishing a stone fort in the Sulu Sultanate’s capital after a negotiated settlement with the Sultan Muwallil Wasit. April 4, 1639 – Captain Francisco de Atienza landed in Mranao territory and initiated the conquest of the lake people. Major Pedro Fernandez del Rio reinforced Atienza from Sabanilla and encountered Nuni Amatonding as a result of passing through the Butig area. 1645 peace treaty – agreement between Sultan Qudarat and Captain Atienza, it was ratified on June 24, 1645 1646 peace treaty – agreement between Raja Bongsu and Captain Atienza. It was signed on April 14, 1646 1656 – Sultan Qudarat declare Jihad aginst the Spanish. 1663 – Spaniards withdrew their forces in Zamboanga to meet the rumored attack of Koxinga FIFTH STAGE (1718-1762) “Reoccupation of Zamboanga”  Spaniards reoccupied their abandoned post at Zamboanga in 1718 and rebuild its fort the following year. Sultan Azim ud-Din I - the Catholic Sultan of Sulu, he permitted Jesuits to open mission in Jolo. This led to the Sultan’s being deposed by his brother, though Azim Ud-Din was able to flee to Manila where he was baptized on April 28, 1750 at Paniqui, Tarlac. His Catholic name was Fernando I. Juan de Arechederra – Bishop of Nueva Segovia and the governor-general of the Philippines at the time of alleged conversion of Azim ud-Din I to Christianity Argument for his false conversion: 1. When he was young, he had gone to Java, where, in a Qur’anic school at the outskirt of Batavia, he was able to obtain a good Islamic education.  5 2. When the belonging of the Sultan was searched after his arrest, seven Arabic and Islamic books, including Qur’an were found but not a Christian book. 3. In 1764, he was finally able to return in Jolo, he resumed his Islamic practices as if, for all purposes. 4. In his old age, he was given a title reserve only for caliphs of Islam, Amirul Mu’minin (Commander of the Faithful) October 6, 1762 – British invasion and brief occupation of Manila which resulted to the lessening of Spanish power in the Mindanao region Dawson Drake – British Governor of Manila who entered into a treaty with Azim ud-Din on February 23, 1763 SIXTH STAGE (1851-1898) “The Decline of the Sultanate”  Witnessed the decline of the sultanates  Sulu became the focus of European rivalry 1851 – Spanish campaign against Sulu headed by Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo. – Sulu became a protectorate of Spain through a treaty forced upon Sultan Muhammad Pulalun. First Protocol of Sulu - took effect on March 26, 1877 - first protocol entered into by Great Britain, Germany and Spain - allowed British and German ships to freely trade in any port in Sulu without securing the necessary permits from the Spaniards. January 22, 1878- Sulu Sultan Jamal ul Azam leased his territories in North Borneo (Sabah) to the British North Borneo Company represented by Gustavus von Overbeck. Second Protocol o Sulu - signed on March 7, 1885 between Spain, Germany and Great Britain Provisions: 1. Recognition of Spanish sovereignty over the Sulu Archipelago including the islands of Balabac and Cagayan de Sulu. 2. Spain would relinquish her claims of sovereignty over Sulu dominions in North Borneo and guaranteed the freedom of trade and navigation in the Sulu Archipelago. 1891- Governor General Valeriano Weyler personally took command of the eventual conquest of the Maranao Lake Area 1895 – Datu Ama-i Pakpak together with his valiant fighters defended the Marahui Kota ( Fort of Marawi) against the invading military might of the Spanish guardia civil headed by no other than the Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco. Implications of Spanish-Moro War 1. The Moro War polarized the Philippines into north and south 2. The Moro war divided the people into two religious communities, the Muslims and the Christians. 3. The Moro War historically conditioned the people to be warlike.  6 4. The Moro War led the so called minority and majority relations 5. The Moro War created the so called Moro image and Christian image Moro Image are: Pirate, Cruel, treacherous, Savages, Raider and Slaver. Christian Image are: Coward, A cheater, Bully and Land Grabber 6. The Moro War drained the resources of both the Muslims and Spaniards. Coming of the Americans The Coming of the Americans was the result of the American war against Spain which was formally declared on April 25, 1898 as a result of the blowing up and sinking the American military naval warship “Maine” on Feb 15, 1898 at Havana, Cuba. This incident resulted to the issuance of teller resolution on April 21, 1898 which contains the declaration of war of U.S of A. against Spain. Commodore George Dewey, commander of American Asiatic Squadron, sailed and his men to Hongkong to attack Manila. On May 1, 1898 Dewey’s forces defeated the Spanish forces in Manila under the leadership of Admiral Patricio Montojo. This was the so called Battle of Manila Bay. In Singapore, the Americana Consul, Spencer Pratt, contacted Aguinaldo and persuaded him to collaborate with the Americans. Later on the Treaty of Paris was signed on Dec. 10, 1898 that formally ends the Spanish occupation of the Philippines. Similarities of Spanish and American policies or objectives in Mindanao. 1. Politically; the subjugation of the Moros and their incorporation to Philippine body politics. 2. Economically; the exploitation of the natural resources on Mindanao and Sulu, and the reorientation of Moro trade to Philippine market. 3. Religiously; the propagation of Christianity, Roman Catholic for the Spaniards and Protestantism. 4. Culturally; Hispanization and Americanization 5. Both implement the use of force to support their Moro policies. Reasons behind the success of the Americans in colonizing the Moros. 1. The Americans had superior weapons and military strategy 2. The Americans had well trained and experienced soldiers. 3. At that time, the Moros were exhausted in fighting the Spaniards for 333 years. At the same time, there was no help or aid coming from the other SEA countries. 4. The American in their initial approach used diplomatic skill as evidence by the signing of Kiram-Bates Agreement. EVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND POLICIES IN MINDANAO. The Americana administration in Moro land was developed into 3 successive stages from 1899-1920. 1. MILITARY OCCUPATION (1899-1903) -Military pacification of the Moros Military occupation was caused by American concerned to secure Muslim acknowledgement of United States sovereignty in Mindanao and Sulu. The Americans sought to keep neutral on the Filipino- American war by diplomacy through the implementation of the ‘Non-interference policy”. Along with that, the Americans sent Gen. John Bates to negotiate with Sultan Jamal Ul –Kiram, an agreement were made also with other datu of Mindanao. The negotiation resulted to the signing of the Kiram-Bates Agreement on August 20, 1899.  7 The Treaty provides the following: 1. United States was to be recognized as the sovereign power over the Sulu Archipelago. 2. The US flag will be used in the Jolo Archipelago and its dependencies on land and sea. 3. American authorities were to fully respect the rights and dignities of the Sultan and the datus. The Moros were assured that their religion and customs would not be interfered with 4. The United States was permitted to occupy such places in Sulu as the public interest demanded, but with due compensation to the owners whose property was taken. 5. The people of Sulu were to have free, unlimited and undutiable trade in domestic products with any part of the Philippine Island. 6. The Sultan of Sulu shall be allowed to communicate direct with the Governor General of the Philippines Islands in making complaint against the commanding officer of Sulu or against any naval commander. 7. The importation of firearms and other war materiel was forbidden except by license of the Governor General of the Philippine Islands. 8. The Sultan and his datus agreed to co-operate in the suppression of piracy. 9. Crimes of Moros against Moros were to be tried under the Sultan's jurisdiction but all other cases were to be tried by United States authorities. 10. Any slave in the Archipelago of Sulu shall have the right to purchase their freedom. 11. In case of any trouble with the subjects of the Sultan, the American authorities in the islands will be instructed to make careful investigation before resorting to harsh measures, as in most cases serious trouble can thus be avoided. 12. Americans or foreigners, wishing to go into the country should state their wishes to the Moro authorities and ask for an escort but it is hoped that this will become unnecessary as we know each other better. 13. "The United States will give full protection to the Sultan and his subjects in case any foreign nation should at-tempt to impose upon them. 14. United States would not sell any part of the Sulu Archipelago to any foreign nation without the Sultan's consent. 15. The United States would pay monthly salaries to the Sultan (Mexican Dollars 250) and other Datus and Officials (Mexican Dollars 15-75). The Military Government of Mindanao and Sulu 1. Military District of Mindanao and Jolo Commander - Gen. John C. Bates 2. Military Department of Mindanao and Jolo  Districts:  1st and 2nd Comprising the Whole of Mindanao  3rd The Sulu Archipelago  4th Palawan and adjacent Islands  Commander:  Brig. Gen. William A. Kobbe  Brig. Gen. George W. Davis  Brig. Gen. Samuel S. Summer The Moros were made to believe that this treaty had kept the Americans out of their internal affairs and guaranteed their way of life. In other words, from 1899-1903: a. There was a period of peace as far as Moro-American relation is concerned.  8 b. The United States of America were given enough time to settle themselves militarily such like building their cottas or fortification. c. The Americans were given enough time to explore the riches of Mindanao. The American succeeds in neutralizing the Moros from their war in Luzon and Visayas. Later on, Aguinaldo was defeated and captured in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901. With the end of the war in Luzon and Visayas, the non-interference policy was abrogated along with the declaration of the Kiram- Bates Treaty as null and void. The American implement a direct rule policy. 2. MORO PROVINCE (1903-1913) This was the ten year transition period from military government to civil administration where the Moro are being prepared for civil administration and consequently their eventual integration to Philippine body politics. The military governor of the Moro province: 1. Gen Leonard Wood (1903-1906) 2. Gen. Tasker Bliss (1906-1909) 3. Gen. John Pershing (1909-1913) ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE MORO PROVINCE Policies and Changes implemented by the Americans in Moro land: 1. American imposed taxes 2. They made slavery illegal  9 3. They introduced American laws and concept of justice. 4. They imposed American system of education. 5. They introduce new concept and land ownership system 6. Extensive public works and improvement were undertaking 7. Public health and sanitation such hospitals were constructed 8. Agriculture and commerce were expansion Land Laws policies  Land registration Act No. 496 - law required the titling or registration of land  Public Land Act No. 718 - which made void land grants from Moro sultans and Moro datus when made without government consent  Public land act No. 926- declared all unregistered land as public or government land.  Mining law of 1905- declared all public land in the Philippines as free, or open for exploration, occupation and purchase by citizens of the Philippines and US of A.  Cadastral Act of 1907- allowed the educated natives, bureaucrats, American lands speculators who were more familiar with the bureaucratic process to legalized claims usurped through fraudulent surveys. All these policies were resented and disliked by the Moros and caused them to resist and fight the Americans. Some of the bloodiest battle the happened between the Moros and the Americans are: SULU Battle of Bud Dajo on March 6, 1906 Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 11, 1913 In Maguindanao, Datu Ali led a campaign against the Americans in 1904 LANAO Battle of Bayang on May 2, 1902 Battle of Bayabao on Sept. 18, 1902 Battle of Maciu on Sept. 28- Oct 2, 1902 Battle of Bacolod on April 9, 1902 Battle o Taraca on May 2-10, 1903 3. DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO AND SULU (1913-1920) This was the 6 year period when the process of bringing Mindanao and Sulu into the general government framework of the Philippines was accelerated. Jones Law of 1916- implemented by US President Woodrow Wilson, in which it states that the Philippine independence would be granted as soon as stable government could be, established Filipinization - a policy implemented by Gov. Gen of the Philippines Frances B. Harrison, which mean the gradual transfer of civil administration from the Americans to the Filipino Christians. This accelerated the participation of the Filipinos to civil government. Policy of Attraction - implemented by Frank Carpenter. He was appointed as the first civil governor of the Moro Province which later abolished and Department of Mindanao and Sulu was divided into 7 provinces such as; Davao, Zamboanga, Sulu, Agusan, Bukidnon, Lanao and Cotabato. Under this program was the grant of government scholarship to Moro students - pensionados.  10 One of the American policies in Mindanao was the opening of government subsidized re-settlement program in Mindanao which initially called AGRICULTURAL COLONIES. ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MINDANAO AND SULU BUREAU OF NON-CHRISTIAN TRIBES In May 1920, the Department of Mindanao and Sulu was abolished and the Bureau of Non-Christian tribes was created on Feb. 5, 1920 which was under the Department of Interior and Teofisto Guingona was the first chief or director. This was practically dominated by Filipino Christians who were appointed to important government positions in the Muslim area like provincial governor and constabulary commander. MORO UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT OSROX MISSION- an independence mission led by Sergio Osmena and Manuel Roxas in 1931 Hares-Hawes-Cutting Act- provides the establishment of 10 year transition period known as the commonwealth government in preparation for Philippine Independence. QUEZON MISSION - in 1934, by Manuel L. Quezon Tydings McDuffie law - it was accordingly a rerun or carbon copy of the Hares-Hawes-Cutting Act. July 10, 1934- national election for constitutional delegates May 14, 1935- ratification of the constitution or known as plebiscite or referendum. Sept. 1935- national election for Commonwealth Government officials.  11 Nov. 15, 1935- inauguration of the Commonwealth Government with Manuel L. Quezon as the elected president. The elected delegates from Moro territories, July 1934 Arolas Tualawi and Jose Montano from Sulu Datuy Menandang Piang and Datu Blah Sinsuat from Cotabato Alaoya Alonto and Thomas Cabili from Lanao Hadji Abdul Kamid Bogabong- a Meranao knowledgeable in Islamic doctrine and law, drafted a letter to Gov. Gen. and signed by 200 Meranao Leaders. The request letter contains the following: 1. Their religion Islam be not curtailed or changed in any way 2. The practices, traditions and customs of the Maranao should not be prohibited. 3. That the decision of the Kitab be not be set aside by Christian officials. 4. That all occupied land of the Islam in Lanao wither forested or not be reserved for the Moros for twenty years to give them time to apply for such land. 5. That all appointive government position in Lanao be given to Mohammedan Filipino 6. That all the sacops followers should not be allowed to leave their master until their account were settled in full. 7. The Policies introduced by the Americans for the improvement of Lanao should not be changed or modified. Elected delegates for national assembly, September 1935 Thomas Cabili in Lanao Datu Umbra Amil Bangsa from Sulu Datu Sinsuat Balabaraan from Cotabato Some Moro Policies of the Commonwealth Government: Legislative Act No. 4197 - Known as Quirino-Recto Colonization Act, this law encourage the colonization and resettlement of Mindanao by Christian Filipinos from Luzon and Visayas with government support. This law continued the minoritization of Moro in Mindanao. Commonwealth Act No. 141- this law declared all Moro ancestral land holdings as public lands. Under this act a Moro was allocated only to apply to a piece of land not exceeding 4 hectare while a Christian can own up to 24 hectares of land. Commonwealth Act No. 441- creating the National Land Settlement Administration. This law is another settlement act which gave priority slots those who had complete military training. Under the Commonwealth Government, Commissioner on Mindanao and Sulu was established on Jan 1937 that replaces the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribe “Special Treatment”- a policy towards the Moros that it did not only reduced the Moros as a second class citizen the development of the Moros was a third priority in the national agenda. Sources: History of the Filipino People by Cesar Majul Adib Muslim Filipinos: Heritage and Horizon by Peter Going Bangsaa Moro: The Endless Tyranny by Salah Jubair Muslim Policy of the Quezon Administration by Manuel Tawagon Philippine History and Institution by Fainah Ulindang, et.al.